Public Relations Society of America's ethical standards Research Paper

Public Relations Society of America's ethical standards - Research Paper Example Therefore, members of PRSA focus on serving the public, thereby taking obligations that involve operating ethically. In this case, this paper focuses on presenting brief history of PRSA’s ethical standards, their functions and effects on public relation professionals and profession. Moreover, this paper seeks to determine ways through which PRSA has strengthened and weakened certain professionals and agencies. Reputation acquired through affiliation to PRSA is valuable to members; in fact, it is highly dependent upon their ethical conduct (PRSA, Member, 1). In addition, these members focus on setting examples among themselves and other professionals by achieving excellent standards of performance, professionalism and ethical behaviors. Nevertheless, there are situations when emphasis to enforce Public Relation Society of America’s ethical standards has been ignored. In this case, this has led to decision by PRSA board of Directors to expel or bar some parties in the soc iety from joining PRSA membership (PRSA, Member, 1). For instance, individuals who have been involved in sanctions from government agencies or convictions in courts due to issues concerning violating code of ethics become liable to expulsion from PRSA membership. Therefore, PRSA overview indicates that it focuses on prime obligation, which involves promotion of ethical practices among professions, organizations and professionals. History of Public Relations Society of America (PRSA) Public Relations Society of America commenced in 1950, whereby it was established through a desire to form student counterpart (Garcia, 3). After some time, this interest was diminished, though there were few professionals, who made efforts to rekindle PRSA. Besides, members of PRSA lost their interest on PRSA leading to a notion that discredited PRSA, through claims that it could not be taught. Nonetheless, the chairperson of PRSA’s Education Committee, who was called Howard Penn Hudson, decided to change people’s perception towards PRSA, in 1965 (Garcia, 3). In this case, he made effort to reestablishing initial affiliation with students through clubs, societies and fraternities. The process to rekindle PRSA began by invitation of six schools in 1965 by Ovid Davis, who was the president of PRSA (Garcia, 4). In fact, this invitation was aimed at gathering members together for that year’s National Conference in Denver. In 1967, the president of Division of the educators’ organization, Professor James Young decided to call Association for Education in Journalism (AEJ), thereby establishing his arguments that there was need for PRSA in processes of developing students with professional orientation (Garcia, 4). In fact, this effort was supported by groups of independent student, who did not have guidance to meet PRSA objectives. On the other hand, there where groups, which had a significant interest on the future of PRSA, and this led to establishment of Lo ng Range Planning Committee of PRSA in 1967 (Garcia, 4). Moreover, during the following year, there was an establishment of PRSA chapters in nine schools, which offered courses in public relations, and this has led to developments such as establishment of PRSA’s ethical standards in the present days. Functions of PRSA Ethical Standards One of the significant functions of PRSA’s ethical standards is to apply public relations in order to pivot ethics among its practitioners or members. In future of professionals, who

Detective Archetype Essay Example for Free

Detective Archetype Essay Sherlock Holmes and the Doctor share qualities such as higher intelligence, isolation from society, and hyperactivity that shape them into the only ones capable of providing justice for the threatened. The two fit the detective archetype quite well and whether explicit or not, the archetype is prevalent in their stories as well as others. Qualities of the detective archetype are represented through each â€Å"detective’s† habits, actions, words, thoughts, and choices. It is complex, interests the reader, and is used by nearly every author of detective fiction. Holmes and the Doctor express and put forth their higher level of intelligence in everything they do. Their frequent and effective use of deductive reasoning tells them where to go and leads them in their endeavors. Before they can deduce what happened in the situation they are dealing with or find the solution to the problem at hand they must gather the facts. Both pay attention to detail, Holmes even said, â€Å"To a great mind, nothing is little.† (27) They consider everything – the unordinary to the obvious and the perplexing to the straightforward. Each of the characters has attained a myriad of knowledge which aids them in their reasoning. For the Doctor; he has learned things through experience. He has lived for thousands of years as he is not human and is like an eternal being, in that it can be assumed that he knows just about everything. Holmes’ knowledge, however, comes from experimentation that he conducts in his free time. Curiously, neither was formally educated, yet has a particular interest in sciences. When investigating a clue Agatha Christie commented, â€Å"there you go with the science stuff again!† (Dr. Who) which implies that he has already demonstrated his efficacy of science. With their arsenals of intelligence, Holmes and the Doctor will always prevail. Members of the detective archetype tend to be isolated from society and Holmes and the Doctor live up to that stereotype. In Homes’ case he chooses to be introverted and would rather spend time alone. Because he has a certain haughty narcissism it makes him believe that he is too good for others. When asked if he enjoys the literary works of Gaboriau and his detective Lecoq, Holmes â€Å"sniffs sardonically† and responds in an â€Å"angry voice†, claiming the book had made him â€Å"positively ill.† (14) The Doctor, on the other hand, would choose to be extroverted yet the circumstances of his life do not allow this. He is the last of his kind and does not fit anywhere; he is forced to live a life with few lasting relationships. Sherlock Holmes has few hobbies and most of them keep him isolated from other people. What he enjoys, other than experiments, is playing the violin while he thinks about current cases he is working on. Another hobby of his that his assistant Watson intimated is the use of narcotics. Watson suggests â€Å"On [some] occasions I have noticed such a dreamy vacant expression in his eyes that I might have suspected him of being addicted to the use of some narcotic† (10) Not only is Watson his assistant, but he is the only true friend of Holmes. Likewise, the Doctors’ assistant, Donna, is the only one who remains with him. Theirs assistants are not just there, but they help the detectives solve problems. More importantly, they make Holmes and the Doctor not seem so out of place. Hyperactivity is another characteristic of the detective archetype that both Holmes and the Doctor share. They constantly jump from one thought to the other. When the Doctor rambles on to himself about the time he spent during Charlemagne’s rule Christie questions, â€Å"but that was centuries ago.† The Doctor replies â€Å"I have a good memory† (Doctor Who) and moves on to his next thought. As the moment has passed he quickly shifts to the next thought on his mind. Similar to this, Holmes switches subjects rather frequently. In one instance Holmes was able to deduce a man’s background before Watson would even attempt to. To Watson he was merely a â€Å"fellow† â€Å"walking down the other side of the street.† Without even thinking about it Holmes replies, â€Å"You mean that retired sergeant of Marines.† â€Å"The thought had hardly passed through [Watson’s] mind† (14) by the time Holmes had moved on. Higher intelligence, isolation from society, and hyperactivity are qualities that make Holmes and the Doctor fit the detective archetype. Higher intelligence is used by the detectives to deduce information from and interpret the problem. By separating themselves from society the two can meditate on where their focus should be. Hyperactive by nature, these individuals are perfect for their roles. Despite the negative connotations of some of these characteristics, they are able to use them for their benefit to be successful.

Islamic Science in the Medieval Era Essay -- History, Middle, Medieval

There are many terms used to describe the period after the fall of Rome and before the Renaissance, three main terms being the Middle, Medieval, and Dark Ages. In general, these terms are used interchangeably, but are these fair substitutions? In recent years the term â€Å"Dark Ages† is becoming less and less acceptable as a phrase which describes the span of years it is meant to refer to. The use of the term â€Å"dark† implies a period of stagnation, which is becoming a questionable concept. In particular, the span of time referred to in this paper is 530-1452 BCE, with specific attention paid to the scientific discoveries and innovations rather than art or literature. These dates are significant because in 529 the Academy and Lyceum in Athens were shutdown by the Byzantine emperor, thus ending the Greek intellectual influence. The date of 1453 is chosen because many Greek texts arrived in Europe in 1453 after the fall of Constantinople at the hands of the Turks, the reby reviving the struggling European scientific fields (Bunch 93). This essay will show that the medieval period was not a so-called â€Å"dark age† because of scientific innovation in the Islamic world, and is only referred to as such because of the popular bias in the West of focusing on Europe. In order to make this clear, firstly, two objections to this proposition will be analyzed and clearly refuted. Following these counter arguments, the main weight of historical facts and events in the identification and explanation of Islamic scientific innovation will be presented, showing the inaccuracy of referring to the medieval period as dark. Finally, I will show that the misleading perception of the medieval era as stagnant is due to the modern bias for the superiority of Western... ...ime period in a positive scientific light. The distinction between modern and medieval science was described as medieval science being more theoretical in nature and modern being of the more applied variety. Through the further presentation of the plethora of Islamic scientists, covering fields as diverse as astronomy, medicine, chemistry, and physics it has been shown, without a doubt, that significant scientific contributions were made in this period. Finally, the source of this misconception was exposed through the common accidental perception of the past as a European narrative. History can easily be focused around Europe, and to do so produces a view of the medieval era being stagnant. However, when one looks at the greater global picture, it is clear that the Islamic world more than makes up for this lull in innovation, successfully brightening the â€Å"Dark Age†.

Dostoevsky’s influence on Bryusov

The aim of the paper is to see the line of Dostoevsky’s influence on the creative work of Valeriy Bryusov through his prose story ‘The Republic of the Southern Cross’ originally published in 1907. It is stated, that the main influence, through which ‘The Republic of the Southern Cross’ may be seen from the viewpoint of Dostoevsky’s creative work is the influence of his Raskolnikov on the way Bryusov’s story has been written. Similar analogies can be traced through the comparison of the Dostoevsky’s works and statement that ‘The Republic of the Southern Cross’ is antiutopia.(Jackson, 1958) However, to clearly see these similarities it is necessary to analyze the story closer. The Republic of the Southern Cross remains to be the most popular prose work of Bryusov. He has been able to write ‘realistic fantastic story’, which has immediately called critics for te comparisons with the Dostoevsky’s works . The dead end of the people’s lives which Bryusov was able to depict is easily seen in Dostoevsky’s ‘Crime and Punishment’. ‘It must be said that this democratic exterior concealed the purely autocratic tyrannyof the shareholders and directors of a former Trust. Giving up to others the places of deputies in the Chamber they inevitably brought in their own candidates as directors of the factories. In the hands of the Board of Directors was concentrated the economic life of the country. The directors received all the orders and assigned them to the various factories for fulfilment; they purchased the materials and the machines for the work; they managed the whole business of the factories. Through their hands passed immense sums of money, to be reckoned in milliards’. (Bryusov, 1907)The influence of Dostoevsky was seen through the fact that antiutopic scenes in Bryusov are based on the Raskolnikov’s dream in ‘Crime and Punishmentâ €™. (Jackson 1958) However, it is also possible that when writing his Republic Bryusov was also using the principal themes of the ‘Apocalypses’. The initial situation of the subject who has sinned is very similar to that of Raskolnikov, his loneliness and sadness which he does not really realize himself. From the citation above, it is easy to understand why people started to suffer from the Disease of Contradiction.The endlessness of the silly behaviors of people in the republic has led to the terrible catastrophe, and only several men try to resist to this chaos. ‘A train conductor on the metropolitan railway, instead of receiving money from the passengers, himself pays them. A policeman, whose duty it was to regulate the traffic, confuses it all day long. A visitor to a gallery, walking from room to room, turns all the pictures with their faces to the wall. A newspaper page of proof, being corrected by the hand of a reader already overtaken by the disease, i s printed next morning full of the most amusing absurdities.At a concert, a sick violinist suddenly interrupts the harmonious efforts of the orchestra with the most dreadful dissonances. A whole long series of such happenings gave plenty of scope for the wits of local journalists’. (Bryusov, 1907) Isn’t it similar to the way Raskolnikov was seen to behave after he has committed the crime? The fall of morality in the society is also in the line with moral fall of Rasolnikov. (Jackson, 1973) Bryusov makes special stress on the way morality disappears and people become animals.Morality was seen as the thin surface which has been easily breached despite the fact that it had been held with people through millennia. However, the story is as if the reverse reflection of Dostoevsky’s ‘Crime and Punishment’ – if he has been able to show the fall of morality in Raskolnikov at the beginning of his book, making it the center of his revival, spiritual and moral tortures, as well as his understanding of the seriousness of his crime, the story written by Bryusov makes the reverse action and the moral fall is shown at the end of the story, with the life of the Republic making it possible step by step.These are the characteristic features of antiutopia. It means, that the story shows the consequences of utopia, works with complex social models and suggests possible development of the certain social events. Dostoevsky didn’t do this in his story; he has not suggested any other versions of Raskolnikov’s crime. The lines of Dostoevsky’s ‘Notes from the Underground’ are even more clearly seen through reading Bryusov’s The Republic.Dostoevsky’s Notes have been written as the means for Dostoevsky to show that he had been against any strict rationalism in the human life, and it was probably his biggest fear that once human lives would be ruled by rationality, about which we have read in The Repub lic. The symbols of this fear included by Dostoevsky into his work are mathematical tables and piano key. For example, if the analogy is made between the anthill and the ants, according to Dostoevsky, the individuality is lost when all ants work towards one and the same objective, especially when the work is standardized, as everything has been standardized in The Republic.(Brians, 1995) Mathematical tables appeared to be the way to investigate the feelings of people in the notes, but it is understandable that the fears and other emotional states of people cannot be mapped out, and the result of this mapping out was described by Bryusov. Dostoevsky as a writer was against discussing and explaining the behavior of people in scientific terms and means. This behavior he has been explaining through other deeper meanings, which are also found in Crime and Punishment.(Jackson, 1973) ‘The greatest example of science and modernity that Dostoevsky presents to the reader is the Crystal Palace. The Crystal Palace was a structure built in 1851 in London. It was the first modern building. It was made entirely out of glass and iron. This palace was supposed to be as good as it gets. It was utopianism brought out into real life. To Dostoevsky it represented reason, science and logic’. (Brians, 1995) The parallel with Bryusov’s Republic is so vivid that cannot be denied:‘Because of the severity of the climate, an impenetrable and opaque roof had been built over the town, with powerful ventilators for a constant change of air. These localities of the globe have but one day in six months, and one long night also of six months, but the streets of Zvezdny were always lighted by a bright and even light. In the same way in all seasons of the year the temperature of the streets was kept at one and the same height’. (Bryusov, 1907)In Dostoevsky’s prose people are seen to be submitted to an organized living through the strict standards which are uniform for everyone without an exception; as far as people were working in one environment towards the same goal, individualism was absent, as well as it was absent in the Republic. Conclusion The influence of Dostoevsky on the creative work of Bryusov is clear, and the Republic of Southern Cross is the brightest example to see this influence. It has been analyzed through the two essential Dostoevsky’s works – ‘Crime and Punishment’ and ‘Notes from Underground’.The reason for choosing these two stories lies in the fact, that first of all, The Notes and The Republic are often criticized for being similar in their literary implications and backgrounds, and the work has proved that the principal motives are similar in both; as for Crime and Punishment, I guess it was a good example to show the moral fall of people, and how fast it can be to turn people into beasts, and though the development of the events and moral fall are opposite in both wor ks, it has been interesting to trace analogies in them.Works cited Brians, Paul. Study Guide: Notes from the Underground. Washington State University, 1995 Bryusov. V. The Republic of the Southern Cross. 1907. Available at http://gaslight. mtroyal. ab. ca/repsouth. htm (accessed 03 March 2007) Jackson, R. L. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Crime and Punishment. Prentice Hall Trade, 1973 Jackson, R. L. Dostoevsky’s Underground Man in Russian Literature. Mouton, Hague, 1958.

Chiaroscuro: The Beauty in a World of Gloomy Grey

Defined as a technique of contrasting dark and light to highlight elements within a piece of art or a story, chiaroscuro is displayed throughout The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Also prevalent in many masterpieces created by Rembrandt during the 17 century, Rembrandt uses chiaroscuro to create a focal point in his paintings and evoke personal thought. Hawthorne uses chiaroscuro to focus on the element of overall sin and to illustrate conflicts between characters.A comparison of chiaroscuro in Rembrandts paintings and Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, provides a deeper understand of how light and dark play a key role in the development of characters and theme. Sin is one of the most important themes in The Scarlet Letter. Throughout the novel, Hawthorne presents nature as being evil. For example, the forest displays a moral wilderness that is encompassed within a dark and gloomy atmosphere. However in Chapter 18, Hawthorne uses chiaroscuro as a device to show a change i n the forest as Hester succumbs to the evil of nature and of her sin.â€Å"†¦she undid the clasp that fastened the scarlet letter, and, taking it from her bosom, threw it†¦All at once, as with a sudden smile of heaven, forth burst the sunshine, pouring a very flood into the obscure forest†¦Ã¢â‚¬  During this scene, Hester releases herself from the burden that the scarlet letter brings. As Hester gives into her natural instincts, the forest around her slowly begins to brighten and become overcome by light. This new found light in the forest that grows hand in hand with Hester’s happiness is shown to be good and/or normal based on Hawthorne’s tone.He focuses on the beauty of the light and how it highlights every living thing in the forest, almost in an angelic way. The tone and use of chiaroscuro in this passage allows the reader to believe that giving into your natural instincts and wants is not necessarily wrong or sinful, but nothing more than a part of life. Rembrandt uses a similar approach in using chiaroscuro in his painting Nightwatch (1642). Rembrandt does not use the light to focus on a certain character or object in the painting; rather he exemplifies the different patterns of the painting by creating a battle between light and shadows.The effect of using light and dark in this painting is not meant to provoke meaningful thought, but rather to display an almost chimerical union between the light and dark, similar to the effect displayed by Hawthorne in the forest scene. Hawthorne also uses chiaroscuro to show conflicts between characters and the difference in their personality or spiritual well-being. â€Å"Old Roger Chillingworth, throughout life, had been calm and temperament, kindly, though not of warm affections†¦.Sometimes, a light glimmered out of the physician’s eyes, burning blue and ominous, like the reflection of a furnace†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Roger Chillingworth, Hester’s husband, is presented to the readers as a respectable man that was very upright and devoted to his job and those around him; however, he lacked any sense of passion or love. Once Chillingworth found out that Hester had committed adultery and would not name the father of her bastard child, it became Chillingworth’s mission to uncover the man that had lain with his wife in sin.He must search deep within Dimmesdale, minister for the town and who Chillingworth believes is responsible, using both human and supernatural remedies to extract the secret with no intention of forgiving Dimmesdale. Whereas Dimmesdale is seen as a trustworthy man for the Puritan citizens to bestow their own sins upon, ones of which Dimmesdale helps them to repent. Dimmesdale committed a sin in the eyes of the Puritan society, one born from his need to follow his natural instinct in which Hawthorne states to be good and later admitted to the masses that he was indeed the father and the second perpetrator in this earthly crime.â₠¬Å"And, as he drew towards the close, a spirit as of prophecy had come upon him†¦it was as if an angel, in his passage to the skies, had shaken his bright wings over the people for an instant- at once a shadow and a splendor- and had shed down a shower of golden truths upon them. † This quote displays the way that the Puritan people saw their pastor, a man that was both physically decaying before their eyes, but yet lit up by the word of the gospel. Dimmesdale would then follow his sermon with the confession of his sin, the last act of his mortal life.Hawthorne uses chiaroscuro to depict the difference in the type of evil within the characters of Dimmesdale and Chillingworth. Chillingworth is a man that did not sin in the terms that Dimmesdale did, however, he searches for it without the intent to forgive. Hawthorne expresses this as true evil and sin compared to Dimmesdale’s act of following his natural instinct, which is not a sin. Rembrandt uses chiaroscuro to d epict the character or personality within his paintings. In Self Portrait as St.Paul (1661), the man in the panting is lit while the background and his facial features are considerably darkened. The dark eyes and background represent a type of detachment, whether the detachment is due to an outward or inner struggle. The light of the picture gives one the sense that the man is important or respected. However, the dark causes the audience to believe that the man is in a great deal of struggle or woe, possibly causing him to be dark and cold in the sense of personality, like the depiction of Chillingworth depicted by Hawthorne.Nathaniel Hawthorne uses a device known as chiaroscuro, contrasting light and dark elements, to help develop the characters and theme within The Scarlet Letter. The way Hawthorne displays this development can also be viewed in pieces by Rembrandt. Sin is portrayed in many ways throughout the novel. The forest is used as a symbol of moral bareness of which Hester succumbs to when she takes off the scarlet letter and releases herself from her sin. At this moment, the dark dreary forest is flooded with heavenly beauty of light and life.This play with shadowing and light elements can be viewed in Nightwatch by Rembrandt. This paitning expresses a link between the light and the dark and how they can exist at the same time, however one will always triumph. In the case of the forest scene, the light and the happiness of Hester triumphed over the evil that surrounds her. Hawthorne draws his characters out by having one behold elements, Roger Chillingworth, and the other character behold elements of light, Minister Dimmesdale.Hawthorne then goes deeper to express that the darkness of one might not be of evil intention, but rather dulled by everyday sin of which the light could be redeemed. Rembrandt displays this in the paint Self Portrait as St. Paul, showing how shadows can make one look disconnected and spiritually or emotionally barren. Chiaros curo is a tool used in both the literary and arts world that can help to evoke more emotion and audience thought. Without it, the characters and imagery would all be caught between shades of gloomy greys.

Time and Token essays

Time and Token essays During Chapter Five of The Great Gatsby, time and money are major underlying concepts, although at times they can be inconsistent with previous details of the story. There is a presence of inconsistency with Gatsbys time and money, during his visit to Nicks house he states that he earned money to buy his house in three years, but before he had told Nick that he had inherited all of his riches. Another discrepancy involves Gatsbys shy, nervous manner in the beginning of the scene, while the scene ends with him being overwhelmed with happiness. Gatsbys time and money are the two topics in this chapter that are mentioned very frequently and are most likely large factors in the conclusion of the novel. When Jay Gatsby visits Nicks house to meet Daisy, he is trying to create a perfect impression upon Daisy, even asking for Nicks lawn to be cut as well as his own before the tea party. Gatsby wears a gold-colored tie with a silver shirt in a white flannel suit, obviously attempting to lure Daisy into a relationship using his wealth. While he is guiding Nick and Daisy around his house, he manages to show Daisy all of his costly foreign shirts and piling them on the floor as if they were worthless to him. Daisys upset and attachment to his clothes may hint that she is willing to have a relationship with Gatsby. When Daisy arrives at Nicks house, Gatsby is impatient, nervous, and incredibly pale in color before seeing his lost love whom he hasnt seen for almost five years. At the end of the chapter, Gatsby is unbelievably happy knowing that after five years he has finally come to confront Daisy and show his love for her. ...

Wal-Mart Unethical Business Practices †Business Research Paper

Wal-Mart Unethical Business Practices – Business Research Paper Free Online Research Papers Wal-Mart Unethical Business Practices Business Research Paper Wal-Mart, the big giant, the place where a lot of people usually do their shopping for the low prices and the variety of products was founded by Sam Walton. Walton was an entrepreneur with an innovative vision, started his own company and made it into the leader in discount retailing that it is today. In fact, Wal-Mart is considered to be the biggest company in the U.S. and it has stores worldwide. According to PBS, â€Å"Wal-Mart employs more people than any other company in the United States outside of the Federal government, yet the majority of its employees with children live below the poverty line.†(www.pbs.org) In addition, Wal-Mart likes to portray itself as a seller of U.S. manufactured goods but in reality the company has products on its shelves made in foreign countries and at questionable workshops. It would seem that Wal-Mart encourages â€Å"made in the USA† but it really encourages products made outside the USA. As a result, Wal-Mart has forced many manufacturers out of business. As a matter of fact, this big giant is facing a significant amount of controversy for unethical business practices. In fact, some of these unethical business practices include the following. Labor Union Opposition: Wal-Mart is a non union organization that feels it does not need third party intervention. So, instead of unions, Wal-Mart has an open door policy that encourages employees to take their complaints beyond management. But, according to PBS, the open door policy does little to help its employees but gives the business the leverage it needs to terminate unwanted non compliant help. In addition, Employees start out at lower wages than unionized corporations and end up quitting by the end of the first year. Wal-Mart also prohibits employees from talking to union representatives. It is unethical for Wal-Mart to prohibit employees to talk to union representatives since according to the National Labor Relations Act, employers are not allowed to discourage employees from forming a union for they have that right. Therefore, the United Food and Commercial Workers Union filed a complaint with the National Labor Relations Board against Wal-Mart. â€Å"The complaint, filed with the National Labor Relations Board, alleges that Wal-Mart violated federal labor law by bribing employees to report on co-workers who favored a union.† (www.washingtonpost.com). But Wal-Mart denied the charges that were brought against the company. Thus, Wal-Mart is wrong by bribing employees for it encourages dishonest behavior. If Wal-Mart wants to avoid a hearing or a lawsuit in this situation, they need to post notices saying the retailer will not oppose employees talking to union representatives. In addition, if Wal-Mart takes more seriously the employees’ complaints, it might encourage them not to unionize. Unfair Treatment of Employees: Wal-Mart has been accused of discriminating against women. Women had been denied training and promotion opportunities that are offered to men. In addition women are underpaid. That is, men are paid more than women. According to Hoover’s handbook of American business, â€Å"in June 2001 a group of six current and former female Wal-Mart employees filed a sex discrimination lawsuit (seeking to represent up to 500,000 current and former Wal-Mart workers) against the company.†(Hoover’s Handbook, pg.907) The suit was filed because Wal- Mart failed to provide equal employment for women. In fact, there are over 70 percent of women working at Wal-Mart, but only a small amount of those women are managers. So, men are holding more management positions than women. In addition, â€Å"Wal-Mart is the nations largest employer of women, but unfortunately they are being treated without dignity and respect. (www.arkansasnews.com)So it seems then that discrimination is a big pro blem at Wal- Mart. If Wal-Mart wants to avoid lawsuits they need to give more job opportunities to women and they should get paid as much as male employees. Even though Wal-Mart is such a successful company, they can do better if they put a stop to discrimination for it will save them money on lawsuits. In fact, â€Å"Wal-Mart recently introduced workplace diversity initiatives, intended to prevent further gender bias.†( usgovinfo.about.com) Another issue that Wal-Mart is facing right now is the fact that employees’ wages are very low. An average worker makes between $12,000 and 17,000 a year which is not much. As a result employees have to apply for public assistance and this public assistance comes from our tax dollars. Basically, one of the reasons for Wal-Mart low wages is because they want to cut operating costs and they want to continue offering low prices. So, â€Å"Wal-Marts ultimate defense is that it offers lower prices and somehow that justifies all sins. (www.usatoday.com)It seems that Wal-Mart cares more about keeping its prices low than to increase employee’s wages. Besides low wages, Wal-Mart’s health insurance is so expensive that some of the employees can not even afford to pay for it. So, those employees who couldn’t afford the health plan will probably have to get their health care benefits through their spouses or the state from our tax dollars. Wal-Mart responded to th is problem by offering discounts on health care coverage. â€Å"Members can save as much as 50% on services not normally covered by medical insurance.†(www.ufcw324.org) Discounts is not enough. Wal-Mart still has a moral responsibility to provide affordable health care to its employees not shift the cost onto the American taxpayers. Wal-Mart can also raise employees’ wages so they can afford to pay for their health plan. While wages are low at Wal-Mart, too often employees didn’t get paid at all for overtime. In fact, according to Wal-Mart’s policy, they are supposed to pay employees for every minute they work. But, since Wal-Mart is such a big company, there will be cases in which managers might do unethical things. For instance, employees were forced to work unpaid overtime. As a result, they filed a suit against Wal-Mart for not getting paid for overtime. So â€Å"in February 2004, a federal judge ruled that Wal-Mart should pay workers for overtime hours† (Hoover’s Handbook).But, the case is still pending. In fact Wal-Mart claimed their policy is against such work. So Wal-Mart’s managers who required overtime were disciplined and fired. In fact, it is Wal-Mart’s responsibility to make sure that people get paid. They should settle the suit by paying their employees for unpaid overtime. It seems that Wal-Mart needs to periodically examine its pay practic es to make sure that all employees are getting paid for all the hours worked. Finally, Wal-Mart was under investigation for the use of illegal immigrants as workers. In fact, â€Å"in October 2003 federal agents uncovered hundreds of illegal immigrants employed by outside contractors cleaning its stores.†(Hoover’s Handbook, pg907) As a result, the company became the target of a class action suit. So, Wal-Mart was accused of breaking immigration laws. In addition, according to Hoover’s Handbook, â€Å"Wal-Mart cheated immigrant janitors out of wages and the government out of worker’s compensation, social security payments, and federal payroll taxes.†(Hoover’s handbook, pg.907) But, Wal-Mart claimed they hired those particular jobs out to contractors and it was the contractors that were at fault for the use of the illegal immigrants. Even if the situation is as they describe it, they hired a contractor who failed to follow United States laws without questioning or researching them first. Thus, Wal-Mart failed to do a t horough background check of any potential employee. A background check would have helped determine the integrity of an employee for it includes job experiences, references, legal documents, etc. Thus, no company is immune to problems. The companies that survive are the ones that can spot ethical issues and correct them before they become problems. In this case Wal-Mart failed to acknowledge those potential problems and they are probably going to pay for it. Thus, Wal-Mart’s unethical business practices have hurt its company’s reputation. If Wal-Mart wants to survive they will have to try hard to improve their image. That is, they need to show that they care about ethics by treating employees fairly. As a result, it will attract good employees and people will have no reason to complain about the company. In addition Wal-Mart needs to be socially responsible in order to avoid economic harm and in order to maintain the legitimacy granted by society. Bibliography Walton, Samuel Moore. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2005. Encyclopedia Britannica Online pbs.org/itvs/storewars/stores3.html The Record (Bergen County, NJ), Joan Verdon April 13, 2005 pB03 COPYRIGHT 2005 North Jersey Media Group Inc. Hoover’s Handbook of American Business 2005, Austin, Texas copyright 2004 http://kansascity.bizjournals.com/kansascity/stories/2001/11/12/story8.html http://home.earthlink.net/~local1613/nlra.html washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A48056-2005Apr12.html ufcw.org/issues_and_actions/walmart_workers_campaign_info/facts_and_figures/walmartandwomen.cfm The Guardian (London, England), April 14, 2005 p23 COPYRIGHT 2005 Guardian Newspapers ufcw.org/issues_and_actions/walmart_workers_campaign_info/facts_and_figures/walmartandwomen.cfm flagstaffactivist.org/fan/study.phtml walmartfacts.com/keytopics/default.aspx lieffcabraser.com/wal-mart.htm http://threehegemons.tripod.com/threehegemonsblog/id57.html ufcw324.org/3walmartstoriespage.html Research Papers on Wal-Mart Unethical Business Practices - Business Research PaperTwilight of the UAWMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyResearch Process Part OneMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceOpen Architechture a white paperDefinition of Export Quotas

Building an Impressive Journalism Clip Portfolio

Building an Impressive Journalism Clip Portfolio If youre a journalism student youve probably already had a professor lecture you about the importance of creating a great clip portfolio in order to land a job in the news business. Heres what you need to know in order to do this.   What Are Clips? Clips are copies of your published articles. Most reporters save copies of every story theyve ever published, from high school onward. Why Do I Need Clips? To get a job in print or web journalism. Clips are often the deciding factor in whether a person is hired or not. What Is a Clip Portfolio? A collection of your best clips. You include them with your job application. Paper vs. Electronic Paper clips are simply photocopies of your stories as they appeared in print (see more below). But increasingly, editors may want to see online clip portfolios, which include a link to your articles. Many reporters now have their own websites or blogs where they include links to all their articles (see more below.) How Do I Decide Which Clips to Include in My Application? Obviously, include your strongest clips, the ones that are best-written and most thoroughly reported. Pick articles that have great ledes - editors love great ledes. Include the biggest stories youve covered, the ones that made the front page. Work in a little variety to show youre versatile and have covered both hard news stories and features. And obviously, include clips that are relevant to the job youre seeking. If youre applying for a sports writing job, include lots of sports stories. How Many Clips Should I Include in My Application? Opinions vary, but most editors say include no more than six clips in your application. If you throw in too many they simply wont get read. Remember, you want to draw attention to your best work. If you send too many clips your best ones might get lost in the shuffle. How Should I Present My Clip Portfolio? Paper: For traditional paper clips, editors generally prefer photocopies over original tearsheets. But make sure the photocopies are neat and legible. (Newspaper pages tend to photocopy on the dark side, so you may need to adjust the controls on your copier to make sure your copies are bright enough.) Once youve assembled the clips you want, put them together in a manila envelope along with your cover letter and resume. PDF files: Many newspapers, especially college papers, produce PDF versions of each issue. PDFs are a great way to save your clips. You store them on your computer and they never turn yellow or get torn. And they can be easily e-mailed as attachments. Online: Check with the editor who is going to be looking at your application. Some may accept e-mail attachments containing PDFs or screenshots of online stories or want the link to the webpage where the story appeared. As noted earlier, more and more reporters are creating online portfolios of their work. One Editor's Thoughts About Online Clips Rob Golub, local editor of the Journal Times in Racine, Wisconsin, says he often asks job applicants to simply send him a list of links to their online articles. The worst thing a job applicant can send? Jpeg files. Theyre hard to read, says Golub. But Golub says finding the right person is more important than the details of how someone applies. The main thing Im looking for is an amazing reporter who wants to come and do the right thing for us, he says. The truth is, Ill push through inconvenience to find that great human being. Most important: Check with the paper or website where youre applying, see how they want things done, and then do it that way.

Journal 3 and 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Journal 3 and 4 - Essay Example It was a new finding for me to know that women in Ethiopia are living in patriarchal society, where men are the dominant, as they create all laws and policies in politics and economy. Here, women do not have any role in the society. Instead, most receive the treatment similar to that of women slaves in the past. It was shocking to know that Ethiopian women work more than men do, yet they are paid less. The low income of the Ethiopian women has forced them to get involved in other jobs that include low human standards, such as prostitution, in order to get money to provide the basic needs for themselves and their children. Their suffering does not end by them selling their bodies to men; most Ethiopian women are infected with HIV. These findings make me question the effectiveness of the Ethiopian government. It is disturbing that this government has failed to embrace effective strategies to protect women. Another new concept that I learned from the reading was that there are different kinds of violence women suffer during conflicts. Apart from physical attacks, women suffer violence within the contexts of politics, inequality, rape, family, and peacemakers. Suffering from relatives was a new idea that I did not think of. Some women deliver their own member of family to justice if they are involved in corruption. This idea can be connected to our first reading in our first class, where the report explained the way women would define security, compared to men. To women security is the safety of her children and family and being able to provide all the basic needs for survival, while for men security is all about weapons and guns. Thus, it is painful for a woman to surrender one of her relatives, who is supposed to be under her protection and a part of her responsibility. However, if this member was not surrendered then he can affect her safety and safety of her other family members. Th erefore, women

Cultural Diversity and Globalization Case Study - 4

Cultural Diversity and Globalization - Case Study Example Hofstede’s cultural dimensions can be used to explain the cultural differences between the two countries. These differences are very important as they are the main cause why Euro Disneyland failed despite its huge name and publicity. The dimensions of culture are very well known in organizational behavior and sociology. They include power distance, collectivism, uncertainty avoidance and masculinity (Kwintessential, 2010).The first dimension is power distance. It is defined as the extent of belief in the inequality or equality of distribution of power in the society. The countries that have high power distance exhibit acceptance with regards to the inequalities of people. In these countries, people conform to the powerful and follow orders. Countries like China, Mexico and India. In these countries, we can witness disparity in incomes and power. The countries that have low power distance exhibit equality. In these countries, power is equally distributed in the society. The United States of America, Austria and Norway have low power distance. We can see less disparity of incomes and power in these countries.France has a relatively high power distance than the United States of America. This means that people of France accept, to a certain extent, inequality of power. For this reason, Euro Disneyland should have special rights for people in France and ‘rules are for all’ strategy is not appropriate for France. The second dimension is individualism. Countries that have high individualism, people there care about themselves and family only. Low individualistic or collectivist countries have people that care about the extended family and the whole clan. These countries lack personal initiative and people are dependent on family. The United States of America is a highly individualistic country. Personal values of the people are strong. France is relatively less individualistic and people still care about their families. The degree of individualism is less in France than in the United States of America where people have relatively strong family values.

Community profile report Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Community profile report - Literature review Example It has also been defined as â€Å"a comprehensive description of the needs of a population ...and the resources that exist within that community, carried out with the active involvement of the community itself...."(Hawtin and Percy-Smith, 2007 cited in Teater & Baldwin, 2009). According to CIA (2008) a community profile is a summary of the history, present conditions, and anticipated future of an area. Community profiles can also contain data about crime, transport, health status and community service available. Through information about attitudes, perceptions of community cultural and historical character, it is also possible to determine the strengths, current issues, barriers, or changes in the profile (Love, Boxelaar, O’Donnell & Francis, 2007). Neighbourhood is the vicinity in which people live; it is the immediate social and physical environment in which people dwell (Berk, 2002). It also describes a socially distinguished area depending on residents’ perception. In the neighbourhood people interact for utility such as grocery stores, schools recreational parks, medical clinics (Lebel, Pampalon & Villeneuve, 2007). They also support or provide mutual aid in addition to interacting for pure socialization, thereby creating bond between individuals. Neighbourhood is the space in which people move around carrying on with their social and economic activities. This built environment contributes to one’s identity. Neighbourhood gradually becomes a reflection of one’s self, one’s values and aspirations and of the socioeconomic conditions. Only one percent of the total population was aged over 85 years but 18.3% of the population was claiming some form of benefit which is above the city-wide figure of 17.3 percent (Public Health Plymouth, 2013). The claimants for jobseekers allowance (4.7%) was also above the city-wide figure of 3.8 percent. In addition, the mortality rate is higher and life expectancy

How successful has the prison system been in achieving a balance Essay

How successful has the prison system been in achieving a balance between disciplinary and therapeutic strategies in dealing with - Essay Example Northern Ireland has the least number of inmates at less than 2,000 and only few prisons. Drug abuse in the UK is governed by Misuse of Drugs Act and several other laws that prohibit organised crimes related to illicit drugs. It is estimated that over 300,000 individuals in UK consume illegal drugs and one third of the drug addicts engage in routine crimes. About 75,000 drug users enter the prison system annually with about 16 percent of the drug addicts abusing drugs regularly while in prison (Robinson & Crow 2009). On average, 55 percent of prisoners have drug related problems while about one third of suicide deaths and self-harm crimes are committed within the first week of imprisonment (Robinson & Crow 2009). The UK prison system has successfully attained a balance between the disciplinary role of the prison strategies and therapeutic strategies in dealing with drug abuse problem (Tonry 2004). Historically, any prison system was used to discipline the offenders through harsh puni shments and long imprisonment terms. However, due to the high number of repeat offenders, many prison systems including the United Kingdom have implemented new measures of rehabilitating the offenders and controlling repeat offences (Robinson & Crow 2009). ... The prison system has contained the offenders in a humane manner thus allowing the offenders to successfully integrate in the society after their imprisonment term (Gravett 2000). Substance abuse is a critical problem among the prison population. Therapeutic treatments for the offenders benefit both the individual and wider society. Some therapeutic strategies include detoxification in order to manage the withdrawal symptoms and prevent the long run relapse in to substance abuse (Mathiesen 2006). The UK prison system has also implemented community based therapeutic services within the prisons that enable health workers to attend to drug offenders. The National Probation Service ensures that the prison staffs continually improve the access to therapeutic care and implement strategies that minimize supply of drugs in the prison system (Tonry 2004). Some of the challenges experienced in the therapeutic strategies include illicit access of drugs in the prisons, increased harm to prisoner s due to overdose and integration of the CARAT services in to a multi-agency therapeutic team. The prison system provides methadone or buprenorphine that is made to limit withdrawal symptoms. The prison population has increased and role of drug enforcement must be emphasized. Significant populations of the drug offenders are seeking minimal punishments under the Misuse of Drugs Act. Drug law enforcement is responsible for about one third of the imprisoned offenders in the UK prison system. Illegal drug users over the age of 18 years are considered serious criminals while high drug dependency among the low-income individuals is likely to engage in other

American vs. UAE Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American vs. UAE Culture - Essay Example The culture of this country has unique social and cultural characteristics, which include dialects, music, art, social habits, cuisine, and folklore. This has made the country unique and diverse ethnically and racially. One major contributing factor was the large-scale immigration from many different countries through the history of the country (Graham, 2008). The major influencers of American culture came from the British. That is, English, Scottish, and Irish settlers who colonized the colonial America. This contributes greatly to the spread of English language, the legal system, and the cultural inheritances. It resulted to formative influence. The rest of the influences came from Germany, France, and Italy. The culture of America encompasses both liberal and conservative elements. The country also has military and scientific competitiveness, political structures, and risk taking expressions. This has challenged me in a great way and I have always admired this culture. Their polit ical structures are accommodative of the foreign investors who contribute in large scale in the USA economy. Their political structures have influenced the world over and play a major role to determining and overseeing that democracy and peace have been maintained in the world. I am a great advocator of democracy and I feel that the will of the majority of these people should be respected. In this country, I would feel free to interact with various business people who have been my mentors (Marsden, 2006). The American culture is also characterized by consistent ideological principles such as individualism, egalitarianism, and faith in freedom and democracy. The culture is also shaped by the variety of expressions due to the countries lager geographic scale and demographic diversity. The culture is also flexible and it is highly symbolic. It has invited researchers to research on it and most of them have found out that the culture is mythic. They mean that the culture of this country is a mystery that is yet to be unveiled. Other researchers say that the culture is exceptionalism (Neil & Kean, 1997). The culture also includes some principles, which evolved from the Native Americans including other cultural and ethnic subtitles. The dominant of these cases is the inclusion of the culture of African Americans and different cultures from Latin Americans. These cultures are highly exported to the modern world through mass media such as television, which are the greatest influencers in the modern world. Other influencers have been radio, music and books (Plotnicov, 1990). There is no official language in the US but 30 federal states have passed a legislation, which makes English the official language. However, the culture of this country accommodates other foreign languages. There are 891 different languages spoken in this country Spanish being the second language spoken by many people. I am conversant with the English language and this would not pose a threat when I go there to do business. Being from United Arabs Emirates, the dominant religion in my country is Islam. The Muslim people are mostly conservative in their culture and like to uphold what they believe in. However, the religion of America is mostly Christian. This has shaped the country a lot in terms of their attitude. Majority of the Americans claim that religion played an important role in their lives. This is according to Pew Global Attitudes Project, of

Euthanasia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Euthanasia - Essay Example In passive euthanasia, no action is taken to prolong life, and death occurs naturally. In Great Britain, Lord Joffe has introduced a bill which would legalize assisted dying. Although this bill was introduced in 2004, it has not had a chance of passing until recently. The reasons for this is that society has changed with respect to the issues surrounding euthanasia. This paper will examine the arguments against euthanasia, and the arguments in favor of it, and make a conclusion about whether or not euthanasia should be legalized in Great Britain. Arguments against Euthanasia There is not a doubt that Christianity, as a religion, has profoundly influenced the debate surrounding the right to die. However, before Christianity was established, the practice was condoned, even honored. In Ancient Greece, one could apply to a tribunal for the right to die, and, if successful, would be given hemlock to ingest. The practice was even the subject of parties – the elderly and the infirm would ingest their poison at a banquet that honored their lives . This changed with the beginning of Christianity, and Christianity, as a religion, was the basis of outlawing the practice. Early Christian thinkers, such as St. Thomas Aquinas and St. Augustine were influential, describing euthanasia as a grave sin. The church continued to influence the debate, even during a period of time during the Renaissance and the Enlightenment of the 18th Century, in which the practices resurged, yet were kept in abeyance by the Church. 7 The Church’s reasoning on the rejection of euthanasia is that the act is inherently wrong. Therefore, because of the fundamental objection to the practice, the Church remains opposed, no matter how much good may come out of it.8   Christianity also believes that it is a sin because life is a gift from God, and, unless one is defending one’s own life, or defending others, life is not to be taken away.   According to this view, man is made in God’s image, so it is not for man to end his own life.9   This is not to say that the Church advocates for keeping someone alive by any means possible. In fact, the official Christian perspective on heroic measures to sustain life is that these measures should not be taken. Denying or withdrawing heroic measures is differentiated from euthanasia because one, euthanasia, is actively ending life and the other, denying heroic measures, is simply letting somebody die. Also, one is intended, and the other is unintended.10   Because the official Christian perspective on h eroic measures is clear, this principle would encompass â€Å"Do Not Resuscitate Orders† and removing patients from ventilators.11   Therefore, the official Christian stance on euthanasia is that it is forbidden. According to Lin (2003), another reason why the Church has taken this stance is because of the Sixth Commandment, which is â€Å"Thou Shalt Not Kill.†   This Commandment, in turn, is based on the view that only God has the power of life and death, and euthanasia effectively usurps this authority.12 St. Thomas Aquinas based his objections to the practice on this view, citing Deuteronomy 32:39, which states that God â€Å"will kill†¦and will make to live.†13 Hatzinikolaou (2003) bases his objections on the respect for the dying process. According to him, death is sacred and the last moments of a person’s life are the moments which should be respected.   It is during these moments, according to Hatzinikolaou (2003) that man has the chance to repent and prepare for his soul to be

American vs. UAE Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American vs. UAE Culture - Essay Example The culture of this country has unique social and cultural characteristics, which include dialects, music, art, social habits, cuisine, and folklore. This has made the country unique and diverse ethnically and racially. One major contributing factor was the large-scale immigration from many different countries through the history of the country (Graham, 2008). The major influencers of American culture came from the British. That is, English, Scottish, and Irish settlers who colonized the colonial America. This contributes greatly to the spread of English language, the legal system, and the cultural inheritances. It resulted to formative influence. The rest of the influences came from Germany, France, and Italy. The culture of America encompasses both liberal and conservative elements. The country also has military and scientific competitiveness, political structures, and risk taking expressions. This has challenged me in a great way and I have always admired this culture. Their polit ical structures are accommodative of the foreign investors who contribute in large scale in the USA economy. Their political structures have influenced the world over and play a major role to determining and overseeing that democracy and peace have been maintained in the world. I am a great advocator of democracy and I feel that the will of the majority of these people should be respected. In this country, I would feel free to interact with various business people who have been my mentors (Marsden, 2006). The American culture is also characterized by consistent ideological principles such as individualism, egalitarianism, and faith in freedom and democracy. The culture is also shaped by the variety of expressions due to the countries lager geographic scale and demographic diversity. The culture is also flexible and it is highly symbolic. It has invited researchers to research on it and most of them have found out that the culture is mythic. They mean that the culture of this country is a mystery that is yet to be unveiled. Other researchers say that the culture is exceptionalism (Neil & Kean, 1997). The culture also includes some principles, which evolved from the Native Americans including other cultural and ethnic subtitles. The dominant of these cases is the inclusion of the culture of African Americans and different cultures from Latin Americans. These cultures are highly exported to the modern world through mass media such as television, which are the greatest influencers in the modern world. Other influencers have been radio, music and books (Plotnicov, 1990). There is no official language in the US but 30 federal states have passed a legislation, which makes English the official language. However, the culture of this country accommodates other foreign languages. There are 891 different languages spoken in this country Spanish being the second language spoken by many people. I am conversant with the English language and this would not pose a threat when I go there to do business. Being from United Arabs Emirates, the dominant religion in my country is Islam. The Muslim people are mostly conservative in their culture and like to uphold what they believe in. However, the religion of America is mostly Christian. This has shaped the country a lot in terms of their attitude. Majority of the Americans claim that religion played an important role in their lives. This is according to Pew Global Attitudes Project, of

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT - Coursework Example In this entire period, the Canadian Aluminum company shifted its strategies from immediate to deliberate strategies. However, its external factors were very influential on the decisions made. As the company continued centralizing its structures, it relied on deliberate strategies. The authors have a high credibility in that, they are attempting to evaluate whether the growth of a company depends on either deliberate or emergent strategy. Their credibility is evident since they try to apply what Henry Mintzberg had already introduced. Other scholars have reviewed the source of their information. In their findings, they disclose that emergent and deliberate strategies vary in their continuum. The authors research and findings support the research topic, that their exist similarities and differences between the emergent and the deliberate strategies. I endorse their conclusion on the ground that, the two strategies cannot be equally exclusive since either occurs because of varied factor s. Mintzberg, H., Waters, A. J, 1985, Of Strategies, Deliberate and Emergent: John Wiley & Sons, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. ... The article is relevant to the research topic since it supports that there is a sharp dichotomy between the deliberate and emergent strategies. Some of the features that I consider useful in supporting the research topic is when the authors confirms that the two strategies are like two end points of a scale upon which the organizations base their strategies. In presenting their credibility, the authors come up with a notion that and some other fundamental issues linked to strategic decisions. In their conclusion, they disclose the various types of strategies that concealed in research. In extent, these may compromise the validity and reliability of their research since most of the strategies unearthed are not peer reviewed. The strategies uncovered in research include; planned, entrepreneurial, ideological, umbrella, process, unconnected, consensus and imposed strategies. Even though, I support their research that there is a great comparison between the emergent and deliberate strate gies, I am not quite certain about the other strategies they introduce and consider that they also vary. Mintzberg, H, 1990, Design School: Reconsidering the Basic Premises of Strategic Management, John Wiley & Sons, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 11, No. 3 (Mar. - Apr., 1990), pp. 171-195. Accessed: 30/07/2010 04:57. Web: Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2486485 Among the opinions held by particular groups on the formation of strategy, there is one that lies beneath the descriptions in the area of study, and that is the design school. The main purpose of this paper is to suggest on a simple model, which evaluates the process, as a design to accomplish a fundamental anchor between

Media and Academic Process Essay Example for Free

Media and Academic Process Essay The threat comes from Iraq. It arises directly from the Iraqi regimes own actions its history of aggression, and its drive toward an arsenal of terror (WHPR1, 2002). Months before on February 13, 2002 during a Press Conference with President Musharraf of Pakistan, Mr. Bush declared: And I think that statement was clear enough for Iraq to hear me. And I will reserve whatever options I have, Ill keep them close to my vest. President or Saddam Hussein needs to understand Im serious about defending our country (WHPR2, 2002). And During his speech at the Virginia Military Institute on April 17, 2002, Mr. Bush made these claims: And, finally, the civilized world faces a grave threat from weapons of mass destruction. A small number of outlaw regimes today possess and are developing chemical and biological and nuclear weapons. Theyre building missiles to deliver them, and at the same time cultivating ties to terrorist groups. In their threat to peace, in their mad ambitions, in their destructive potential and in the repression of their own people, these regimes constitute an axis of evil and the world must confront them (WHPR3, 2002). With all these statements made in the presence of media persons and the way it had been made that a major part of America and the world really believed that Saddam Hussein and the Iraq is the real threat to the civilized society. Despite the presence of law which prohibits the Bush administration from disseminating government propaganda at home. But in an age of global communications, there is nothing to stop it from planting a phony pro-war story overseas knowing with certainty that it will reach American citizens almost instantly. This is the power of media and especially electronic media. It has the capability to make any one believe in what it wants to convey. The beautiful newsreader on a TV channel giving us the news. After that the news analysis program is aired. The program brings a battery of analysts to our bedrooms, drawing rooms or shops. These serious looking intelligent faces sitting in front of camera with a list of burning issues are giving their view on the issues. Their facial expression and smartness over words, language and the contents can make anyone feel ill informed. This makes us glued to the television screen. And once the program gets finished we have an unusual feeling that now we have gained great information on issues about which we were quiet ignorant few minutes or hours before. A single program made some change in our self and our personal database of information. This is the actual effect of one of the most popular form of media called the electronic media. But the point of concern is not its power but its ability of influencing human especially child psyche. The actual issue which has been raised this time is the way it makes an impact on our world views. The authenticity of the content which is aired is now being discussed. The focus is shifting towards the way it influences religion, culture and social belief. After all the US govt., with all its efforts didn’t found a single weapon of mass destruction. The Saddam Hussein’s regime in Iraq was defeated by the combined US and UK army. But the main issue that led to the war was the weapons of mass destruction which Saddam Hussein regime was allegedly possessing, was nowhere present. This means what the US govt. and its allies were telling the whole world was actually a farce. It was nothing more than a propaganda war against a nation which was adamant to pursue those policies which were not influenced by US. Things mentioned above are some of the many effects caused through electronic media. Moving on to its actual definition, electronic media are those communications mediums which are based on electronic or electromechanical means of production and most often distinguished from print media. The primary electronic media sources familiar to the general public worldwide include — radio, sound recordings, television, video recording, and streaming internet content. And this electric communication technology goes further than any of the previous products of mans skill. Earlier technologies extended the power of mans limbs, and with the invention of writing, mans memory in a sense could be placed outside of himself. Present communication technologies supplant mans external senses, and more recently, the internal senses of imagination and the most important, the central or common sense, which brings the various data of the external senses together into a cohesive unity (McDonald). The world of information, however conceived, may appear to exist in its own right by means of electronics, and the human user becomes a mere participant in that world. Now if we look upon things that influence a child and how the media impacts those factors in its formative days. The child in its formative sees many things and in accordance with its understanding capability it takes decision. A healthy child hood is very necessary thing to provide sound academia knowledge not just beautified propaganda. The media which include television, radio, internet and newspaper are perhaps the biggest source of knowledge and information. And they are now very much a part of academic development of the child. As, there are many possible factors which affect the child and at the same time these factors come under continuous inferences through media; hence these factors have strongly associated and have become reason can be the Material wealth: It depicts the average financial state of area or the society which breeds crime. It quantifies the very material or average prosperity of the family and the society of which a person is a part of. Media’s depiction of strength, material wealth and prosperity makes a strong case in child’s mind and his purpose of study and academic excellence. Health: This factor under the influence of news and information obtained through media has its importance while quantifying security at the physical as well as mental health of the people. It decides the affluence and the penury that has been faced by the child. Social security and stability: The overall development and upbringing of a child is a multiple of this factor. The child is greatly affected with the type of society media presents and hence his academic performance gets an impact. Family life: The condition of a family on an average is an indication of family life of the child. The divorce rates are being given the status of indicator for quantifying this factor. The rising instances of single parenthood are another very important cause. The separation is a very traumatic experience of a child and can be a reason behind the creation of a situation of loneliness and the state of depression. Community and Social Life: This factor corresponds to the social behavior of the child and how much social his attitudes are. The negligibility in social life corresponds to lower interest of the child in community life thereby increasing another wave of insecurity at personal as well social level. Job Security: This factor is self explanatory and is being indicated through unemployment rate expressed in percentage. A secure job to a youth makes him more confident and ultimately he or she turns out to be a better prospect to the society. At the same time the insecurity in this factor causes frustration and causes the occurrence of diminishing patterns in above mentioned factors especially material well being. So now the fact is that the criminals and misguided youths are very much a off the track output of the same social upbringing that were meant for the development of moral standards right from the formative years. The development of this is very much due to the behavior pattern of the people that are around them. They are the people whom these children treat with respect and are the personalities they admire. A child’s behavior is very much a factor of the behavior characteristics of the personalities he or she often meets and admires and is presented through media. Electronic media have been found to present glamorized Robin Hoods with criminal personalities and unusual behavior of celebrities making headlines. The biggest example of this projection is the presence of Che Guevara as a fashion cult despite the fact that he was always against the US imperialist policies. So the concern is how the media is affecting the child and not just child but also the factors that are directly or indirectly related to the child’s development and academic performance. The news of slowdown in world economy and the rising of Asian economy giants like India and China and the job outsourcing makes the same guy more frightened. He feels threatened. And this perceived threat results in a physical reaction as much as actual physical injury. The same person in a large crowd sees perhaps twenty people around him, but a camera above the crowd reveals a crowd incomprehensible to human imagination. The widespread anxiety among people in the first world about there being too many people is an effect of them seeing thousands of faces on television, whereas someone may walk for hours on the streets of the suburbs without seeing a single person (McDonald). The reality is that the information beaming capability of the electronic media upsets normal community and family relations based on physical contact and proximity, leading to an ersatz community where people have the illusion of being angels. People in their relations are reduced to being pieces of disembodied information without context or substance. The level of sensation present in our lives affects our intellectual judgment. According to report, it has been found that there has been an explosion in recent years in electronic media marketed directly at the very youngest children in our society: A booming market of videotapes and DVDs aimed at infants one to 18 months, the launching of the first TV show specifically targeting children as young as 12 months, and a multi-million dollar industry selling computer games and even special keyboard toppers for children as young as nine months old. Their homes are packed with media options, including TVs, computers, DVD players and video game consoles. Nearly all children (99%) live in a home with a TV set, half (50%) have three or more TVs, and one-third (36%) have a TV in their bedroom. Nearly three out of four (73%) have a computer at home, and about half (49%) have a video game player. In some ways, new media is trumping old: nearly twice as many children in this age group live in a home with Internet access (63%) as with a newspaper subscription (34%). Nearly all of them (97%) have products—clothes, toys, and the like—based on characters from TV shows or movies (Rideout, 2003). But the point of concern is that this rapid changes in our media environment have not been accompanied by a similar growth in our knowledge of how new media may impact children’s cognitive, social, emotional or physical development. These issues are of deep concern not only to parents, but also to educators, health providers, policymakers and advocates. Many experts have argued that it is especially critical to understand media use by the youngest children, noting that because social and intellectual development are more malleable in these early years, media use at this age could have an especially significant impact. According to Valdemar W.  Setzer (1993), some children addicted to electronic games spoke too fast with limited sense, feeling or contents in their speech. This suggests that those children spoke with a speed compared to the use they make of their fingers when playing the games. There is a correlation between speaking and gesturing, which may be explained by the close proximity of the motor and speech neurological centers in the brain. The fact that children do not have the fully developed, active thinking and consciousness characteristic of adults means they dont have to make any effort to switch off these inner activities when playing electronic games and are not sidetracked by outside influences that can act as a buffer to overdevelopment of or addiction to an undesirable trait. Finally, we can say that though a child’s ability to gather information is enhanced by technology but at the same time we are placed under greater stress, and to maintain equilibrium we must find strategies to cope with it. One strategy is to withdraw from the flood of information and go for selected and conscious input. It is one of the ways but there is a need of finding more. References The White House Press Release, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/10/20021007-8.html The White House Press Release, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/02/20020213-3.html The White House Press Release,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/04/20020417-1.html McDonald, H. Asceticism and the Electronic Media: Technophilia and Technophobia in the Perspective of Christian Philosophy, www.rcp.net.pe/IAL/vm/bec/etexts/macdoeng.htm, 3. Katsh, E. (1989).   The Electronic Media and the Transformation of Law, Oxford University Press. Rideout, V. J. Vandewater, E. A. Wartella, E. A. (2003). Zero to Six : Electronic Media in the Lives of Infants, Toddlers and Preschoolers., A Kaiser Family Foundation Report. Setzer, V. W. Duckett, G. E. (1993). The Risks to Children Using Electronic Games,     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.ime.usp.br/~vwsetzer/video-g-risks.html

The Effects Of Terrorism Tourism Essay

The Effects Of Terrorism Tourism Essay Terrorism has deep history since the cold war but this issue became most salient after terrorist attacks in September 11 2001 and July 7 2005. According to U.S department of state (2002), more than 3000 people of different nationalities were killed in the terrorist attacks in September 11, 2001. These attacks were the conspicuous example of terrorism on global level. Terrorism affects businesses around the world in both the long term and short-term. Czinkota (2004) cited that terrorism influenced long-term karma of entire industries, for example tourism, retailing and manufacturing industries. There are number of definitions of terrorism, which are complex and deliberate different dimensions. Alexander et al (1979) define terrorism as a threat or absolute use of enforcement and inclemency to achieve a political goal bye means of intimidation fear, and coercion. The beginning of 21st Century changed the world drastically and the first reason behind this was the incident, which occurred on September 11 2001. The devastating terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York. On this date, the whole world came into shock when America was under attack. The second incident, which happened on 7 July 2005 in London added fuel to fire. As both these countries are the main economies of the world, these incidents had a hue impact on businesses all around the world. In this assignment, we will try to find the overall impact of these incidents left on the United Kingdom businesses. We will also focus our attention on the changes and new developments which happened, after these two events, in UK organizations. This threat of terrorist attacks poses a continuous atmosphere of risk for all businesses in UK. This risk itself creates extension for treatment of risk in management theories. The majority of management literature theories adopt the term uncertainty as a factor of unpredictable environment, which may influence the performance of organization in certain ways. The environment effected by terrorism also has a factor of unpredictability in it. 2. Effects of terrorism on UK economy and businesses: According to the European Commission 2001 report, terrorists direct their attacks against businesses for more than any other target. Terrorism can bring any organisation or economy to its knees because of its fear and businesses fear for more attacks may happen, so they afraid to operate as normal. Increasing cost of security and putting new systems in place can cost huge amount of money to businesses ultimately decrease in the market value of businesses? Terrorism has its massive effects on UK economy and business activities. It affects deleteriously on businesses strategies and most businesses operating in the effected areas gets impact from the thrust of government policies to quell terrorism. Businesses internationally and locally are particularly affected by terrorism because when incidents like 9/11 happen, it disrupts the supply chain and disturbs business activities in addition to interrupting information flows. It also effected on the industrial demand as well as consumer demand. This falling demand may have different outcomes which may comprises of losses of customers contracts, customer trust, reduced share of the market and a significant decline in sales, all of which could lead to business failure. For example according to the report of BBC 22 July 2005, Bombs will cost just UK tourism alone; Â £300 million. Terrorism has direct effect on UK organizations, somehow indirectly affects on buyers, which definitely declines in buyer demand creates unpredictable shifts, interruption in supply chain, disruption in the flow of policies, regulation and also has a wide impact on the macroeconomic factors of the country. Czinkota et al (2004) cited that over all every factor in economy gets the impact of terrorism and definitely responds to the action of terrorism. Modern terrorism is particularly onerous, because of characteristic of its time. The impact of terrorism on macroeconomic is crucial, customers feel themselves in stress and some kind of continuous fear, which definitely effects the spending patterns. When terrorist attacks happened in New York and London, they affected businesses in a direct and indirect way and disrupted the economic process. Both of these attacks were on the main economic cities of the world trade. To make the effects of the terrorist activities stronger, terrorist groups targeted public and private organizations. Businesses are more attractive target for terrorist as their presence is everywhere and their aftermaths are deeper on society and on the economics. 2.1 Direct effect of terrorism on businesses: Direct effects of terrorism comprise of instant and immediate consequences of terrorism. According to London Chamber of Commerce and Industry 2005 report, after the World Trade Center attacks, the IFM downsized its forecast of UK economic growth by 0.6% from 2.4% to 1.8% and according to Office of national Statistics data UK actual growth was 1.6%, which was weakest economic growth for more than a decade. According to the Institute of Directors report in 2002, after New York attacks 20% of private organizations had increased business security, 52% of organizations carried regular risk assessment to assess their vulnerability to attack. The effects of 7th July 2005 London bombings on UK organizations was even severe than the September 2001 attacks. The business confidence in London has slumped to the lowest levels not seen since the eve of Iraq War 2003. Number of UK organizations was expecting that the economy will improve in coming year but a dramatic slump given the -16% balance seen in the first quarter of the year. In August 2005, The Bank of England reduced Interest rates by one-quarter percent to improve economic conditions. The attacks brought bad time for the London not just in seasonal but economic term as well. According to Time Online (2005) UKs economic growth was seen to be the weakest since 1993. Many organizations respondents reported that their employees were scared to travel on public transport and preferred to travel by cars or taxies which lead to increased travel costs. For the people and organizations, which effected individually the loss was quite tragic. Moreover, direct effects include sudde n increase in cost of product, decrease in production and output of firm, and loss of valuable human capital. 2.2 Indirect Effect: 2.2A Change in consumer demand heterogeneously: While the indirect effects of terrorism in UK include prominent decrease in buyer demand, unplanned shifts and negative interruption in supply chain. Its also compel authorities towards the new policies and their immediate implementation. Indirect effects also include foreign relations of the UK organizations and countrys governments, which affects trade. According to Loewenstein et al (2001) specifically indirect effects contains demand of consumer that may interrupt the deal of purchase or supply. It is evident that industry operates according to the demand of buyer. This is infecting a widespread of common fear of individuals, which in results decline in demand of industrial goods. Daniel Steel (2008) narrates that economic research also has roots in correlation and among behaviour and emotion. The negative emotions like state of fear definitely effects consumer behaviour, even after the happening of those events Czinkota et al (2004) narrated that there may be need of making of policies, laws, and regulations for public and private organization in reaction to these terrorist attacks. Whilst these actions are intended to improve security conditions, they also cause delays in efficient business operations. 2.2B Indirect effects on organizational operations: The other indirect effects of terrorism on UK organizations was discontinuity in supply of essential goods, services and resources and sometime unplanned shifts. These problems cause serious impact on the operation of organizations. In July 7 London terrorist attacks on local transportation and logical system (supply chain) effects badly on businesses around London. Due to suspension of supply chain all businesses struggled and also decrease in efficiency of organizations. It is common problem, while in terrorist attacks, the short-term shortage of services, good, input raw materials and components occurs; it took certain time to recover from this kind of shortage. 2.2C Macro economic phenomenon: The macro economic phenomenon of London and New York terrorism was visible decline in per- capita income, decrease or sudden change in stock market value and increase in unemployment. Such trend affects the UK economy and consumer expectation. The long run impact was decrease in export and declines in GDP and tax revenues and the living standard of people. 3. Dealing Terrorism Shaped BCCM Planning: In this part we will critically analyse the different management approaches and strategies, which could be helpful for organizations to deal with the global crises like September 11 2001 and London Bombing 2005. In this part of the assignment will evaluate performance and adaptation of suitable strategy by organizations on different kind of business activities and scrutinize the different business strategic views, which an organization can adopt for minimizing the effects of terrorism. We will also discuss different ways that organizations can benefit in term of increase in profit and minimise the impact of terrorism. With the threat of terrorism, organizations have to focus on the particular resources which are available to deal with these threats. Except terrorism, there are some other threats (financial and non-financial) which are also effect the organizational performances at the same time, organizational management have confine resources and mental steam to deal with effects of terrorism. 3.1 General strategy: According to Alexander Dean C (2004), terrorism is a possibility, or it leads toward appearance of other possibilities. This kind of act effects producer and as well as consumer psychology, its behaviour of consumption and its buying patterns. The impact of terrorism effects specifically in economic, industrial, political and legal context of external environment. 3.2 Consider Terrorism as a factor while planning: Within the significant increase in risk of terrorism and uncertainty in the field, now all UK organizations are making policies or developing future strategies by considering terrorist threats. Organizations also need to include terrorism as a risk factor; selecting and targeting the potential threats and indentifying the different sources of threats are the most important tasks for organizational managers, while developing future strategies to grow and run the business locally or globally. 3.3 Sourcing, production and distribution: By considering the operation of the organization in value chain that directs it toward production of products and their development. Increasingly most of the UK organizations are getting their supplies from all over the world. The bitter risk of terrorism affects the internationally complex system of value chain. Mostly terrorist groups attack on the sites of organizations and their logistic system directly or indirectly. The indirect impact of terrorism is the imposition of new rules and regulations, which emerges suddenly in the reaction of attacks by the government sectors which cause disruption in value chain movements. Due to the negative interruption in supply chain, it causes difficulties for organizations to fulfil the production orders and customer demand. Due to tight security regulations at borders of all countries, a lot of the businesses have difficulties while fulfilling their operations. For example, Royal Mail suspended vehicles from moving between central London sites and in and out of London for the bulk of the day in July 7 2005. At least 25% of UKs mail move through London every day even if the final destination is elsewhere. The distribution and logistics are one of the most important direct and in direct impacts of terrorist attacks on UK organizations, thats why this became the duty of senior managers to incorporate the risk of supply chain in their future planning. Mentzer (2001) cited that most of the organizations have established system of value chain, which may helps organizations in getting raw material and goods from their suppliers and necessary components from all over the world. This is common practice for various organizations, due to globalization decrease in trade barriers and a secure supply chain infrastructure and advance telecommunication sources. The risk of terrorism is a major threat and challenge for the supplier organizations. As long as the organizations are expending their businesses around the world, the impacts of risk are also increases on the operations of the organizations. Accordingly, organisations have to plan the arrangements to reduce the thrust of terrorism and its consequences on the supply chain structure of companies. According to Ghemawat and Del Sol (1998) overall the companies focuses themselves to find out the other possibilities in order to make available the supplies for dealing in the competitive envi ronment in the emergent of risky conditions. Flexibility directs towards versatility, which is a potential to act alter activities and apply adapted activities, for fulfil the need of the specific situation. 3.4 Consequences of terrorism on Pricing: Organizations have to change price plans according to change in environment. Pricing is one of the fundamental factor which effects with the impacts of terrorism. For example in UK after Terrorist attacks, the insurance rates charged by insurance firms in big cities (like London, Manchester) where terrorist attacks occurred or had a higher chance of occurring, were much higher compare to small cities. Transportation companies may also charge a higher rate for carrying goods from or to risky areas. Similarly, uncertain environment of business pulls organizations to think about their pricing strategy. The sudden effect of terrorism is increase of necessary products like oil and food supplied etc. because of their shortage. Transportation companies charge higher fairs because of high risk to move into that area. Organizational management have to keep in view uncertainty while defining and developing the pricing strategy. The situation of commodity market is relatively different, where prices may fluctuate quickly with the flow of information, the price must soften in for those commodities. 3.5 Global strategy vs. multi domestic strategy: All UK organizations those who adopted multi domestic strategies had relatively less impact of terrorism of 07 July 2005 and 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks than those adopted global strategy. As far as the risk and fear of terrorist attacks increases, the theories emphasise more on multi domestic strategy in contrast with global strategies, which establish more meaningful ways to deal with uncertainty. According to Ghemawat and del Sol (1998) some of the resources may reduce the flexibility of organizations which in results cause interruption in performance of the business internationally, these resources are highly location specific and according to the demand of local markets. 4. Conclusion London is an economic centre and making the capital safer to do business in should be national priority for the Government. Different research suggest that London business community is not safer than it was before 07 July 2005 attacks. According to LCCI report, majority of UK organizations still perceive that there is very high risk of terrorist attacks in London again. This perception has fallen since last year and more than half of UK organizations have contingency plan in place to deal with terrorism effects on business. Studies show that the economic impact on UK organizations has not been as severe as initially feared. Many organizations resumed services on 7 July 2005 and next day they started delivering as normal. Many organizations, those who had no contingency plans, started work to have one and other started to update their existing plans to minimise the effects of these attacks. However many UK organizations revealed that 9/11 and 7/7 terrorist attacks had vary little tangible impact on them and business confidence had affected for the short period. However, it had huge impact on very important sector of London economy such as tourism, transport (trains and airlines) and retail sector. UK employment market has not increased since 7th July 2005 attacks but employment terms were already bleak in London before attacks. Many organizations were expecting unemployment would increase in coming years before July 2005 attacks. Nevertheless, in reality London economy shook off the impacts of 11 September 2001 and 7 July London terrorist attacks. It is evident from history that an unexpected and lengthy critical situation affects performances of organizations. The terrorist attacks in London and New York gave deep shocks to the businesses. Sometimes messages from these terrorist groups, that they can attack anywhere with extremely harmful weapons, results in businesses losing confidence and increased costs to the businesses and economy. Many organizations still have fear of terrorist attacks on the businesses although the UK government is trying to protect the public and private organizations. The targets of the terrorist are usually both kind of locations, public buildings like agencies etc, and private sector like business offices of staff of companies. At present majority of organizations are well prepared for any sort of sudden and unexpected terrorist event compared to July 2005. The basic purpose of this study is to identify the impact of terrorism on businesses and how BCCM planning can help UK organizations to reduce the impact of terrorist attacks. For minimizing the impacts of terrorism managers develops different kind of strategies and sometimes managers can easily recover loss and can get continuous increase In profit if they choose right strategy for pricing in the response of terrorist attack. 5. Recommendations: All organizations need to provide educational programs to all staff regarding terrorism and help them to prepare themselves for unexpected events like terrorism. Government needs to provide intelligence support to help deal with terrorism effectively. Businesses need to strengthen the relationship between themselves for detecting and fighting terrorism. To encourage organizations, government need to offer disaster recovery loans and other loan guarantee programs to help organizations to recover form destruction of terrorism. As the threat of terrorism increasing, so while evaluating international and domestic marketing strategies, managers have to consider effects of terrorism on businesses. In order to targets markets managers have to select those markets and industry zones where the threat of terrorism is at lowest or comparatively less effected. As the rapid increase in the risk of terrorism, it is necessary for organizations to discover and develop the methods of supply chain and other channels of distribution, and adopt new strategies for logistics related channels. For long term, prospective organizations may bring diversification in their supplies, by increasing in the number of supplier.

Reproductive cloning Essay examples -- Ethical Issues, Human Cloning

As years pass, more and more gadgets, machines, transportations, and foods are being improved because of the technological advancements. Even the life of humans is improved by the years, where the life expectancy is increasing because of the developed medical research, medicines, and medical equipments. However, developed biomedical methods such as cloning are controversial, and in fact 93% of all Americans oppose cloning. Because of the controversies against this practice, the United States would not open the door to reproductive cloning, and this lead to a debate between the government, and scientists and bioethicists- who are supporting human cloning. Although the critics of human cloning fear that this biomedical practice would create an unpleasant environment, inequality and contradicts with religious aspects and beliefs, cloning can help infertile women to reproduce, help cure diseases and help restore the sanctity of life. Human cloning is bombarded with predictions that the supporters of cloning find it risky. Cloning is another medical advancement if it will be legalized. Cloning is duplicating the gene of a species where it will make an exact copy of DNA of the particular species, resulting into the existence of two identical species. Human cloning is a very controversial and apprehensive word, for people think that cloning will be equal to robots, not a real person/ species, and simply because they think that the world will be crazy seeing the environment with identical species of person walking on streets; the same fears that the critics are predicting. Because of the abhorrence, critics and writers are predicting the horrors that could happen; for example, stories like a cloned woman who was not talented as her anc... ...flake program has arranged adoptions of nearly a thousand embryos, about twenty of which become babies† (64). Embryos have life, for they can turn into babies; therefore, we should make the embryos become valuable by giving them a chance to live or heal the sick people rather than just throwing them away. Human/Reproductive Cloning has showed many reasons why it should not be banned because of its benefits. Cloning would not make a big difference from what we have right now, like slaves and organ donors that we already have right now, and the religion that not everyone believed in the same God which other people may find reproductive cloning helpful in making a family especially to the infertile couple. Furthermore, help cure the diseases and give life to aborted fetus and embryos. Therefore, we should not take the reproductive off the table and should be decided. Reproductive cloning Essay examples -- Ethical Issues, Human Cloning As years pass, more and more gadgets, machines, transportations, and foods are being improved because of the technological advancements. Even the life of humans is improved by the years, where the life expectancy is increasing because of the developed medical research, medicines, and medical equipments. However, developed biomedical methods such as cloning are controversial, and in fact 93% of all Americans oppose cloning. Because of the controversies against this practice, the United States would not open the door to reproductive cloning, and this lead to a debate between the government, and scientists and bioethicists- who are supporting human cloning. Although the critics of human cloning fear that this biomedical practice would create an unpleasant environment, inequality and contradicts with religious aspects and beliefs, cloning can help infertile women to reproduce, help cure diseases and help restore the sanctity of life. Human cloning is bombarded with predictions that the supporters of cloning find it risky. Cloning is another medical advancement if it will be legalized. Cloning is duplicating the gene of a species where it will make an exact copy of DNA of the particular species, resulting into the existence of two identical species. Human cloning is a very controversial and apprehensive word, for people think that cloning will be equal to robots, not a real person/ species, and simply because they think that the world will be crazy seeing the environment with identical species of person walking on streets; the same fears that the critics are predicting. Because of the abhorrence, critics and writers are predicting the horrors that could happen; for example, stories like a cloned woman who was not talented as her anc... ...flake program has arranged adoptions of nearly a thousand embryos, about twenty of which become babies† (64). Embryos have life, for they can turn into babies; therefore, we should make the embryos become valuable by giving them a chance to live or heal the sick people rather than just throwing them away. Human/Reproductive Cloning has showed many reasons why it should not be banned because of its benefits. Cloning would not make a big difference from what we have right now, like slaves and organ donors that we already have right now, and the religion that not everyone believed in the same God which other people may find reproductive cloning helpful in making a family especially to the infertile couple. Furthermore, help cure the diseases and give life to aborted fetus and embryos. Therefore, we should not take the reproductive off the table and should be decided.