Partnership and Limited Liability Partnership Organization Essay Example for Free

fusion and Limited Liability league Organization Essay demonstrationThis is a report that shows a comparison between both Partnership and Limited Liability Partnership organization and to advise Mr. Tan on the ancestry organization that is more likely to fit his needs for setting up a new consulting air.For this particular project, our meeting assumed that Mr. Tan used to be an accountant working for a big accounting firm and is now looking to set up a sm any accounting consultancy concern.1Process Required to frame-up Business OrganizationBelow be the processes to setting up a abetter _or_ abettorship and a contain financial obligation partnership contrast organization severally1.1PartnershipFirstly, the partners confuse to need with the Registrar an application for approval and reservation of partnership institute. After the application is being approved, a partnership is required to be registered online via BizFile with ACRA with a professional stage business re gistration firm if both of the partners atomic number 18 not local citizen.The partnership must have at least dickens partners for registration. Following argon the information needed1) Proposed name of the Partnership2) Particulars of the partners/ fakers (foreign passport or capital of Singapore ID)3) Residential address of the partners/managers4) Consent to Act as double-decker and Statement of Non Disqualification to Act as theater director5) If partner is a political party Registration details of the company6) Singaporean or PR must salary Medisave7) Declaration of complianceACRA will then get out an email of notification confirming the registration. Abusiness profile containing the registration details can be obtained as a softcopy via email from ACRA upon flourishing registration. Softcopies are usually sufficient to all purposes in Singapore. (enterAsia Information Services Pte Ltd, 2010)1.2Limited Liability PartnershipFirstly, the partners have to fill with the Reg istrar an application for approval and reservation of LLP name. After the application is being approved, an LLP is required to be registered online via BizFile with ACRA through a professional business registration.Following are the information needed1) Proposed name of the Limited Liability Partnership2) Particulars of the LLP partners/managers (foreign passport or Singapore ID)3) Residential address of the LLP partners/managers4) Consent to Act as Manager and Statement of Non Disqualification to Act as Manager5) If partner is a company Registration details of the company6) Declaration of complianceACRA will then send an email of notification confirming the Singapore LLP registration. A business profile containing the registration details can be obtained as a softcopy via email from ACRA upon successful registration of the LLP. Softcopies are usually sufficient to all purposes in Singapore. (enterAsia Information Services Pte Ltd, 2010)2Legal Characteristics of Each of the Business Organizations2.1The Characteristics of Partnership (ASSAR, 2011)Two or more persons Partnership involves business by a group of persons. There must be at least two persons to bring partnership into existence. Although on that point is no uttermost number required in the Partnership Act, the Companies Act has placed a maximum limit 20 people in a business. A company must be registered if in that respect are more than 20 people in the business.Contractual Relation A partnership is a contractual family relationship arising out of an discernment among the partners, a person does not become a partner out of his status as is the case in joint family. Persons submission in partnership must be competent to enter into a contract as it is essential, and the agreement among partners may be oral or in writing. A written agreement or deed is preferred because it table services in resolving some disputes among partners later on.Lawful Business A partnership agreement provided exists in a lawful business.Sharing of benefit An agreement among partners must include the sharing of profits and losses. A charitable trust cannot be called partnership because there is no sharing of profits. Profit sharing is only a superficial evidence of partnership but not a determinate proof. The employees of a business may also share profits but they are not the partners.No Separate Legal Existence A partnership firm is not a legal entity of its own. This means that the firm and the partners are one and the same. A firm is only a name to the collective name of partners and no firm can exist without partners. The rights and liabilities of the partners are the rights and liabilities of the firm. Management of the firm vests in partners who are its owners also.Unlimited Liability Every individual partner is unresistant jointly and severally for the obligations of the partnership firm. Therefore, if assets of the business are not sufficient to twin the liabilities of creditors then pri vate property of partners can be used to meet them. The creditors can claim their dues from anyone or all the partners. If these liabilities are met by one partner then he is entitled to receive rateable contributions from other partners. obstruction on Transfer of Shares No partner can transfer his shares to an outsider without the unanimous consent of all other partners. It is based on the principle that a partner being an agent of the firm cannot delegate hisauthority unilaterally to outsiders.Utmost Good Faith The very basis of partnership business is darling faith and mutual trust. Each and every partner should act honestly and fairly in the conduct of business. A firm cannot be run if there is suspicion among partners. Partners must have faith in each other for running the business smoothly.2.2The Characteristics of Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)A limited indebtedness partnership is a business structures that operates similar to a partnership organizational structure. T he difference is the limited personal liability afforded to each member of the company. Each partner is responsible for their own actions plot of land conducting business. LLPs are tailored for professionals, such as doctors, lawyers and accountants. (Howell, 2012)Every Partner Equal Each partner is an equal member in a LLP company. They decide together on various company issues, such as the name of the business, where it is located and how it is going to be operated. Partners also share as in the profits and losses of the business. The number of people in LLP must not exceed 20.Limited Liability Protection Each partner in this type of company is protected against the actions of the other partners which results in a lawsuit. For example, if one partner is subject of a malpractice claim and loses in court and have to pay damages, the other partners are not held financially responsible. However, partners in a LLP are liable for the obligations of the company such as loans used to pu rchase equipment and utility expenses. revert Through Taxation of Profits A limited liability partnership company is taxed similar to a business formed under the partnership and sole proprietorship organizational structures by a process called pass-through taxation. The company profits are not taxed at the company level but insteadare passed through to the partners to be reported on their individual tax returns. This prevents the double taxation that occurs in corporations where profits are taxed at the company and shareholder levels.3Advantages and Dis values of Partnership and LLP3.1PartnershipAdvantages of Partnership1. Capital Due to the nature of the business, the partners would contribute their share of capital to start up the business. Hence, the more partners there are, the higher the amount they could put into the business. This would drop dead the partners better flexibility and greater potential for growth. It also means more potential profit, which would be equally sha red between the partners.2. Flexibility It is generally easier to form, manage and run a Partnership. There are fewer restrictions in a partnership than in companies, in terms of the laws governing the formation. As the partners have the only say in the way the business is run without the interference of shareholders, they are far more flexible in terms of management, as long as all the partners can agree.3. Shared Responsibility Partners would be able to share the responsibility of the running of the business. This would allow the partners to make the most of their abilities and potential. Instead of dividing the management and winning equal shares of each business tasks, they would be able to divide the work according to their skills. Thus, if one partner is good with figures, they could deal with the book keeping and accounts, while the other partners might have different niche areas and specialize in different tasks.4. Decision Making Partners share the decision making and can help each other out when needed. With more partners means more brainstorming could be in place and the information they came out with could be picked out forbusiness ideas and for the solving of problems that the business may encounter. (Adrain, 2010)Disadvantages of Partnership1. Disagreements One of the most common disadvantages of partnership is the possibility of disagreements between the partners. People often have mixed ideas on how the business should be run, the task arrangements and are picky about what the best interests of the business are. All these might lead to arguments which might not only lie in wait the business, but also the relationship of those involved. That is why it is always preferred to draft a deed of partnership during the formation period to ensure that all partners are aware of what are in place in case of disputes and prepare for the procedures if a partnership is dissolved.2. Agreement As the partnership is jointly run, it is crucial that all the par tners agree with decisions that are being made. This means that in some situations there is less freedom with regards to the management of the business. This is especially so compared to sole mongers, where the sole trader need not seek agreement from anyone but himself.3. Liability Ordinary Partnerships are subject to unlimited liability, which means that each of the partners shares the liability and financial risks of the business equally. This might put of the idea of partnership for some people, as they might not want to take the risk.4. Profit sharing As partners share the profits equally, it can lead to inconsistency where one or more partners are not contributing a fair share of effort into the running or management of the business, but still reaping equal rewards.3.2Limited Liability PartnershipAdvantages of Limited Liability Partnership (Janus Corporate Solutions, 2008) 1. Separate Legal Identity A limited liability partnership has a separate legal identity. They can own p roperties, at the same time they canenter into contracts, and sue or be sued in its own name.2. Limited personal liability The partners of the limited liability partnership will not be held personally liable for any business debts incurred by the limited liability partnership or the wrongful acts of their partners. A partner may, however, be held personally liable for claims from losses resulting from his own misconducts or omission.3. sodding(a) succession Any changes in the limited liability partnership (e.g. resignation or death of its partners) do not affect its existence, rights or liabilities.4. Ease of compliance Compliance requirements are more complex than sole proprietorship but simpler than a private limited company.Disadvantages of Limited Liability Partnership (Janus Corporate Solutions, 2008) 1. makeup of limited liability partnership requires a minimum number of 2 partners at all times.2. Individual partners can commit the partnership to formal business agreements w ithout the consent of their partners.3. Limited liability partnership lacks the ease of ownership transfer and investment that a company structure provides.4. There are no merged tax benefits Tax exemptions are available to private limited companies but are not available to limited liability partnerships. A limited liability partnership is treated as tax transparent which means that limited liability partnerships are not taxed as an entity. Instead each partner is taxed on their share of the profits as per the personal income tax rates.4Analysis on Choosing the Business OrganizationSince Mr. Tan is setting up a business for accountancy consulting, he shouldopt for a Limited Liability Partnership organization instead of a Partnership.Mr. Tan is currently new to the business world, and might not have found a partner he could fully trust yet therefore it is also to his advantage if his partner were to act wrongfully or if there is a change in partners, since in LLPs, partners are not liable for losses to outsiders arising from acts of another partner as compared to an unlimited liability if he were to go into a Partnership.In addition, the LLP is also not subject to full financial reporting and disclosure requirements, such as those on capital contributions and changes to capital (ACRA, 2005). This is an advantage to Mr. Tans business. Since the business is small, minor changes to capital will not have to be subjected to full reporting and disclosure. Furthermore, as mentioned earlier, LLPs are tailored for accountants.With that, our group is certain that Limited Liability Partnership Organization will meet the needs of Mr. Tans new consultancy business.BibliographyACRA. (2005, May). Retrieved February 5, 2012, from ACRA Legal Digest Issue 8 http//www.acra.gov.sg/NR/rdonlyres/4B52C6B6-E89B-4DC3-A72C-A9C4BC62AAAB/10278/ACRA_LDI_08.pdfAdrain. (2010). The company warehouse. Retrieved 2012, from The company warehouse http//blog.thecompanywarehouse.co.uk/2010/03/01/a dvantages-and-disadvantages-of-partnership/ASSAR, R. (2011). Publish Your Articles. Retrieved February 2012, 6, from PublishYourArticles.org http//www.publishyourarticles.org/knowledge-hub/business-studies/what-are-the-characteristics-of-partnership.htmlenterAsia Information Services Pte Ltd. (2010). entersingaporebusiness. Retrieved Feb 05, 2012, from LTD Singapore Setting up a limited liability partnership (LLP) in Singapore http//www.entersingaporebusiness.info/limited-liability-partnership.php enterAsia Information Services Pte Ltd. (2010). How to set up a partnership in Singapore. Retrieved Feb 05, 2012, from entersingaporebusiness http//www.entersingaporebusiness.info/partnership.phpHowell, R. (2012). Hearst Communications Inc. Retrieved February 6, 2012, from Hearst Communications Inc. http//smallbusiness.chron.com/characteristics-limited-liability-partnership-3729.htmlJanus Corporate Solutions. (2008). Singapore Limited Liability (LLP) Registration. Retrieved February 4, 201 2, from guidemesingapore http//www.guidemesingapore.com/incorporation/other/singapore-llp-registration-guide

Life - Religion Essay Example for Free

Life Religion EssayIn my opinion, thither is no precise subject matter of life. There too is a part of me that thinks that life really doesnt have a meaning at all. But, since I have to pass judgment to define life, I would have to say its a combination of things in your life that you are living for, or the purpose of you being on this earth. Everyone most likely has a different purpose for being alive. Whether it is family, school, or your career those things have a lot of impact on your life and also decisions that you make by dint ofout life. In our society, many families in console confidence and morals early into their childrens lives by continuing traditions or practices of religious faith. The idea of faith and moral beliefs are instilled in a person by attending or participating in church activities and reading the Bible or different religious texts. When in that respect is a sound moral foundation in a persons life it may give them the motivation through and thr ough faith to build a sound structure for their life or to achieve personal goals.Simply put, a person may believe through faith that it is possible to achieve an education, start a family, or to have a successful business or career because of their foundation in faith. The argue why I somewhat think that life really doesnt have a meaning, is because no matter what anyone does or how well or righteous someone lives their life, in the end they still die. What happens after that? Nothing, you never come back nor will you have any recollection of what went on during your lifetime here on earth.A person can bust their behind in working doing good for the community and everything else and in the end you still end up in the same place as everyone else, good mass or bad people, you die. A nonher reason why I believe life doesnt have a meaning is because all of the people in this world have to suffer, they still go through pain, they have to watch loved ones die, they still have to go th rough heartache, and rough times.Being poor, homeless, and not having food for as single meal in the day. Where is the meaning in life when people have to wake up hungry or worry about where they will lay their head that night? Id say there is none when you look at it from that perspective. In my opinion, the meaning of life is too complex for the human brain to comprehend. People tend to say that they know what the meaning of life is, but who really knows the answer.There are various opinions and schools of thought, however, most people can never and will never reach a actualise understanding of what the meaning of life is. If there is meaning in life at all, then there must be meaning in suffering. ? Viktor E. Frankl. Frankl could not have said this quote any better, most people can say that they have found meaning in their life but at the same time, there are some people wondering if the only reason they are on this earth is to suffer on a cursory basis throughout their entire lives.

Chinese Exploitation And Discrimination In Canada History Essay

Chinese Exploitation And Discrimination In Canada History EssayEuropean colonial effect is char deederized by the conquering of foreign land, the exploitation of resources and slaves, and the imposition of European culture. From European colonialism arose some atrocious acts such as the Triangular Slave Trade and the decimation of many indigenous populations. Ideologically, the concept of orientalism emerged from European colonialism where it became lens in which the West sees the multitude of the East as weak and inferior. European explorers sought to make sense of their travels by drawing from classical knowledge, religious sources, and mythology (Glyn, Meth and Willis 2009) it was a corrupt archive on the cultural identicalness of the colonized based on sweeping generalizations and embosss that cover several cultural and matter boundaries (ibid). The information isolated the colonized and separated them as the other from Europeans (ibid). The creation of a general inferior identity allowed colonial powers to legitimize their colonization and exploitation of these community (ibid). Although Great Britain and other powerful countries in Europe actively colonized much of the modern ordinal instauration and created many obstacles for their future development, other non-colonizing countries do are non guilt-free. Loyal historical colonies like Canada have had a similarly exploitative relationship with Third World citizens, including its blatant discrimination against non-European settlers such as the Chinese. Contrary to the popular touch sensation that Canada has always had a benevolent relationship with people of the Third World, Canada carried forward the orientalist view from European colonialism and used them to justify its discrimination against and exploitation of Chinese immigrants from 1880 to 1947. Under the cant of orientalism, Canada exploited Chinese labour in building their national railway, created racism immigration policies to keep the Chinese out, and withheld fundamental rights on the grounds of ethnicity.Canada exploited Chinese immigrants as a solution to the labour shortage in building the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) from 1881 to 1885. Throughout the four days and even following it, Chinese suffering outweighed their benefits while Canada was sufficient to complete its force on time for a considerably cheaper price. The completion of the CPR was extremely important to Canada because it was a physical means to unite the different regions of Canada together as a country (Baureiss 200715). Canada had a lot at stake in the CPR project where a delay in its construction could lead to British Columbias secession from the union of Canada (ibid). In mold to meet the completion deadline, the CPR contractor, Andrew Onderdonk, was granted permission from the federal official governing to import Chinese labourers to compensate for the scant(predicate) Canadian labour force (Wang 200611). The Chinese immigran ts were allowed entry only for the purposes of building the railroad Canada was non in favour of having permanent Chinese settlements and primarily employ men who would presumably return scale to their families upon completion (ibid). With the extra labour force of approximately 15 000 Chinese labourers working on the Western dowery of the CPR, the railroad was completed on time (Yu 200916).Canada also benefit from the low wages that they give the Chinese immigrants. In the construction of the CPR, sportsmanlike Canadian labourers were paid an average wage of $1.50 to $1.75 while the Chinese labourers were paid $1.00 with the mandate to purchase their provisions solely from the company store (Baureiss 200715). Although the two groups performed the same tasks, Canada warrant the end using the orientalist stereotype that the Chinese could survive on a lower wage than the white Canadian labourers (Whiteley, 1929 342). The railway company saved money in paying cheaper wages and also earned profits in selling provisions to Chinese labourers (ibid).Orientalism created an unequal power relation between Canada and the Chinese immigrants where the Chinese served to benefit Canada. A tragic example is the 4 000 deaths of Chinese labourers working on the CPR as a result of poor working conditions, disease, landslides and unintended explosions (Toronto Star 1986F.2) For those who survived, Canada did non make an attempt to include or integrate the Chinese into Canadian society because they were not truly welcome and were expected to exit anyway (Wang 200612). However, nearing completion of the CPR many Chinese labourers were dismissed early and found themselves with insufficient funds to finance their return fare back to mainland China (ibid). Many descended into poverty as they lost employment with the railway company and others resorted to labouring in mines (ibid).The sole reason that the Chinese were allowed entry into Canada was to advance Canadas let int erests in completing the railway in the most efficient and cost effective manner in complete disregard for the well-being of the Chinese, they opened the provide for the destitute in China in order for Canada to exploit their cheap labour and then abandon them. Canada ab initio decided to import Chinese because orientalist beliefs fixed that the Chinese were stereotypically inferior in hard labour (Wang 200612) Canada would be able to exploit their inferiority and still use them to complete the railroad efficiently. Although this orientalist perception of the Chinese is inaccurate, the fact that Chinese immigrants were imported into a disadvantaged position forced them into the powerless stereotype as they were subject to Canadian interests. They were allowed entry into Canada in amity to the amount of labour needed by Canada, and they worked at any offered in order to survive. In purposefully pushing a number of Chinese immigrants into the orientalist stereotype, Canada was abl e to prove the orientalist knowledge as true and thus justify their exploitation of cheap Chinese labour. As exemplified in the CPR project, Canadas relationship with the Chinese people from the then developing country of China is in no way benevolent or good-willed on the contrary Canada used and promoted orientalist perceptions of the Chinese in order to rationalize the exploitation of their labour.Canada subsequently discriminated against the Chinese systematically through a racially exclusive immigration form _or_ system of government. The orientalist stereotypes of the Chinese fuelled Canadas institutionally racist immigration policy as they primarily focused on defending against the sojourner image of transitory labourers, who had come to Canada to find a fortune and return with it to China (Baureiss 200722). Believing in this sojourner stereotype, Canadians felt threatened by the Chinese labourers competitive edge and feared for their job security (ibid). Moreover, in 1903 P rime Minister Wilfred Laurier publically supported the racist and orientalist ideals in his statement to the House of Commons where he said in my opinion there is not much room for the Chinaman in Canada (Winter 2008122). In receipt to the wantlessness for the Chinese, Canada passed racially discriminatory regulations through the 1885 Act to Restrict and Regulate Chinese Immigration into Canada which necessitated a $50 payment for entry know as the orchestrate tax (ibid). However the head tax seemed to reinforce the sojourner stereotype as Chinese men arrived in Canada to work and often sent large sums of their salaries home to their families rather than spending it on the Canadian economy (Baureiss 200722). The orientalist stereotype fuelled further superstition for the Chinese, even though it ignores the fact that the head tax was designed to disapprove permanent Chinese settlements in Canada it was presumably too expensive for a Chinese family to afford the head tax for all f amily members (ibid). In response to the increment intolerance for the Chinese, Canada took intensified measures to stop Chinese immigration, the head tax was raised to $100 in 1902 and then $500 in 1904 the equivalent of two years worth of wages for an average worker (Wang 200612). With the hike in price for the head tax, many men who immigrated ahead of their families lost hope of bringing their wives or children to Canada and for many years the Chinese community became a bachelor society (Plaitiel 1988A8). As men working on a dollar a day could not afford to bring their families to Canada, Chinese immigration was significantly curtailed and the Canadian government profited $23 million generated by approximately 81 000 Chinese immigrants (Winter 2008122), however Canadas intolerance was not satiated.In 1923 Canada replaced the head taxes with the Chinese Immigration Act that prohibited Chinese immigration altogether for a total of twenty-four years (Winter 2008122). The act gave many Chinese workers the ultimatum of being separated from their family permanently or giving up their immigrant status to return home (Wang 200612). The immigration policies set forth by the Canadian government are not only racially discriminatory, but it spread the general orientalist view of unworthiness and undesirability in the Chinese ethnicity. The orientalist stereotypes of the Chinese ab initio caused Canadians to unwelcome the Chinese but the implementation of head taxes seemingly reinforced the stereotypes, without consideration towards the actual circumstances and created a completely intolerant society. The exclusion of the Chinese in Canada was justified by the orientalist stigma that the Chinese are an unwanted ethnicity in Canada, and thus legitimating any means to eliminate them the head tax that created a financial burden on the Chinese, separated families between countries, and prevented a second generation of Chinese Canadians were valid. Moreover, the eventual total refusal of Chinese immigrants was substantiated based on the orientalist sojourner identity created for the Chinese immigrants dictated them as morally inferior and self-interested. Canadas creation of an orientalist lens in which to view the Chinese through blatantly racism immigration policies contradicts its comprehend identity as being benevolent and accommodating to people of the Third World in development.In addition to barring the entry of Chinese immigrants, Canada systemically discriminated against Chinese immigrants already within Canada by legally withholding fundamental human rights. For example, the Chinese were excluded from political life and did not have the right to vote (Baureiss 200723). Although they were initially granted voting rights like immigrants of other ethnicities, the right to vote was disallowed to the Chinese in British Columbia in 1985 in provincial and municipal elections (ibid). Later, the federal government also refused to give the Chin ese voting rights in federal elections (ibid). Prime Minister John A. Macdonald further justified disenfranchisement of the Chinese by stating that the Chinese have no British instinct and their mind is not suited for democracy (Baureiss 200723). Macdonalds statement crystallized the fact that the Chinese are denied rights based on the knowledge about their race as communicated by orientalism the Chinese are inferior because without British instinct, their intelligence is too elementary for democracy.The Chinese in Canada did not have access to equal opportunity and were further excluded from numerous jobs based on racial grounds. Initially, the exclusion from participating in politics led to disqualification from certain prestigious or powerful professions that included law, pharmacy and accounting (Baureiss 200727). Similar to the discriminatory immigration policy, the denial of equality rights to the Chinese stemmed from the oriental stereotype of the sojourner. Since the sojour ner stereotype dictated that the Chinese immigrants would all leave after amassing their wealth, Canadians rationalized that it was unnecessary to grant them equal opportunity rights because they would return home and not remain in Canada permanently (Baureiss 200723). As a result, in 1878 British Columbia passed a resolution that prohibited Chinese immigrants from working in the provincial public orbit (Baureiss 200726). Subsequently, the Chinese were also denied positions in many skilled occupations such as boat-makers, mechanics and merchants (ibid). Disqualification became widespread in so many different professions because of restrictive jurisprudence that the Chinese were marginalized to a very limited number of industries such as agriculture, retail and services trades and certain elements of lumbering and fishing low-paying professions that required very nominal education or training (ibid27). In an effort to combat the greedy and self-interested sojourner, there were a limited number of tasks that the Chinese were eligible to perform within these designated industries. For example, the Chinese were only welcome as cheap farm labourers and could not buy or lease their own land by law (ibid). being surrounded by these restrictions made the service industry the only major avenue available and the Chinese were generally marginalized to become laundrymen, grocers or homemakers (ibid).Through orientalist knowledge, the Chinese were perceived as weak and incompetent compared to white Canadians, validating their exclusion from franchise and from many more respectable professions. The acceptance and creation of an orientalist identity justified that any measures including those that violate the fundamental human rights the Chinese should be entitled to were justified so long as they cater towards protecting the employment opportunities of white Canadians. In essence, orientalism was a tool for Canada to rationalize the second-class treatment of the Chin ese and the refusal of several inalienable human rights. The blatant institutional racism that Canada created under the pretense of orientalist knowledge not only shattered down its perceived kindness but it reveals the hostility that Canada showed to the Chinese.Canadas discrimination and exploitation of the Chinese people directly contradicts the belief that Canada is benevolent towards people of the Third World and Third World countries in general. Canada accepted and further enhanced the orientalist views of the Chinese to exploit their cheap labour in constructing the CPR. Subsequently once the Chinese were no longer useful, Canada justified discriminatory immigration policies to stop Chinese immigration with orientalist stereotypes. In regards to the Chinese immigrants in Canada, the government systemically withheld fundamental political and equality rights from them and justified the second-class treatment with orientalist knowledge of inferiority. Historically, Canada has ev idently not been as benevolent towards people of the Third World as it portrays itself to be. Although conditions have significantly improved since the nineteenth century, Canada still has not lived up to the high standards of benevolence and generosity as immigration policies remain exclusive in many other ways. Canadians may see themselves as peaceful and kind to the multicultural people of the Third World but whether it becomes the truth or not depends on what actions Canada decides to take. Canada can choose to make it a priority to root out orientalism or to simply lower the standards of Canadas role in helping and empowering people of the Third World.

The Project Duration Practices In Jkr Construction Essay

The throw up Duration Practices In Jkr eddy EssayIn confuse management interpreting the protrude as stipulated clock sequence in the contract is the most classical factor to be focussed by the contractor and the implementer. conviction is one of the three factors in project management should be violaten priority be berth personify and quality. These three factors ar related to to each other and pull up stakes give effect if one of these factors neglected. Time esteem has been identified as one of the key mathematical process to be addressed in providing best measure out to complex bole part client. To predict the construction period of project establish variables which ar construction duration, mental synthesis type, procurement route, contractor selection method, type of client, contract value, building function and complexity of the building.Construction management decisions ar made based on enrolments that are highly- create during the early planning stand for of projects, many possible scenarios also should be considered during construction. Construction programmes are of utmost importance for a successful agely legal transfer of buildings or infrastructure projects. A well developed project schedule poser is a dynamic tool that can be used to predict when the project work that remains to be realised can reasonably be expected to be accomplished.There is no specific tool in determining the accurate time for project duration practices in JKR. more or less of the project duration was based on prior durations of the project which were not the same component of each project. By using the previous experience it may not shows the correct duration for the project. From this estimation of project duration JKR use the history of project duration based on the toll of the project, the size of the project, location and complexity of the project. This method is used since the existence of JKR. No specific method for estimate the duration of the project.It is consequential that the project implementation schedule is plan so that it functions according to determine other than completion on schedule without delays that could affect the other activities expected by the end-user.Good schedule entrust ensure the implementation of realistic given enough time for activities such design approval procurement, construction, tests the line and so on.Scheduling that fails to take into account the important matters go forth result in projects having extension of time, or termination.This will affect the end user involve additional expenses, including financial liability, employee relocation and storage of equipment and problems inventory. Delays in the completion of an entire project due to poor scheduling can also create havoc for owners who are eager to start using the constructed facilities (Gomar et al., 2002).1.2 businessStatementDelivering the project on time as stated in the contract to the client is important to JKR as an implementer. The main problem in JKRs flow practice is estimating accurate time in JKR project. Failing to deliver the project on time to the client will show the performance of JKR. One of JKRs objectives is to deliver the entire project in time as agreed with the client. Inaccurate time estimation will lead to late completion of the project. Inaccurate time estimation will cause the client additional operational be.Incorrect in determine the project duration will shows the capability of JKR as a technical department in government. This is one of the reasons for project to be given extension of time (EOT) beside other reason such as the contractor selected cannot give full commitment to the project. Base on the JKRs record most of the project will have at least one EOT.From the data provided by JKR see Monitoring Unit shows that more than 50% of the projects in Ninth Malaysia Plan administer by JKR are perfect behind time. This shows that time estimation for those proje cts are not accurate. This read will create a standard model to be used to estimate project duration.Aim of the piece of workThe main experience of this study is to develop appropriate mathematical model and strategies that can be used by the practitioners to improve current method of time estimation for JKRs projects. clinicals of the studyTo achieve this aim, the following objectives have been delineatedToidentifythe factors that influence the completion time of the JKR projects.To study the relationship between JKRs estimated times with the actual completion based on 5 years historical dataTo develop mathematical model improving time estimating for school project by JKR.Scope of the studyThis study will use school building project by JKR only. Historical data for this study will rely on project that had been discernd within past five (5) years. Mathematical model that will be used is multiple regression technique. Other more advance technique will be employed as the research progress and if found suitable.Research MethodologyThe methodology is divided into three sets.Planning StageThe planning stage is where the topic of study determines, aim and objective is set. Besides that literature search is done to accommodate literature review.Data Collecting StageAt this stage the methodology used in conducting this study is finished literature search, data collection and structured interviews with the professionals or expert panel who are involved in time estimating of the project and questionnaires survey to JKRs staff who directly involved in determining the time of the project.Data collection will be gathered from the project as stated in the scope of study. From the results, the questionnaires survey will be conducted among JKR staff within the category of the study to assess their opinions of the findings towards the objectives of the study. Besides the questionnaires survey nearly interviews has also been conducted with the professionals as the expert panel, project manager, engineer and quantity surveyor to assess their opinions towards the findings based on data that have gathered. The interviews are divided into appear to face questions and answers session and answering the structured questionnaires. The qualitative data generated from the questionnaires have been analyzed using statistical method and fin eachy inferences were made to support the study findings. describe and Validating StageAt this stage a report will be produced based on the analysis done in second stage. The virgin assist created from the finding will be tested and validated by the expert and selected JKR staff who involve in the cover.The boilers suit sequence of study process undertaken is shown in figure 3.1PLANNING STAGEDATA COLLECTION STAGEREPORTING AND VALIDATING STAGEStudy blossomicLiterature Review target (i)Toidentifythe factors that influence the completion time of the JKR projects.Questionnaire Survey to evaluate current practice to determi ne factors that influence project time completionValidation of the modelDevelop mathematical model to express the relationshipInterview with Expert Panel to determine current practice to determine the current process physical object (ii)To study the relationship between JKRs estimated times with the actual completion based on 5 years historical dataDefining Study Aim, Objective and ScopeDocument search about current practiceObjective (iii)Todevelopmathematical modelimproving timeestimatingforschool project by JKR.To establish mathematical model to show relationship between completion time and factors that influence completion dateReport and FindingValidation of the processFigure 1.1 Research Methodology ProcessCHAPTER 2SCHEDULING PRACTICE IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECT2.1 IntroductionA skill essential for good enough project management is accurate time estimation. There are two important reasons to get time estimates rightTo drive the setting of datelines for planning and delivery of proj ectsTo guide in determine the cost of contract.It is important to make time estimation as input into other techniques used to organise and structure all projects. People always neglected or underestimate the needed time to implement project. It may reduce large project to a series of little project if a good time estimation technique is being used.An important aspect of Project Management is scheduling time accurately. This is a circumstantial component of Project planning as this will decide the deadline for the completion of a project, whether small, medium or mega. (Suri et al., 2009)Stage of Time regardTime estimation should be taken into account during planning of the project. During this stage it is important to set the target date for completion of the project. However, a reliable estimate of the construction time at the early stages of design development will reduce uncertainty, provide a key focus for the design team, and can prove beneficial to the overall management of the construction process (Nkado 1992).Forecasting of construction cost and time is very important to contract administration as time prediction and cost forming a basis for planning, monitoring, budgeting and litigation. There are two methods of estimating construction cost and time.According to available budget by the client and time constraintthrough a detailed analysis of work to be done and resources available, using estimates of the time and cost requirements for each specific activityThe detailed estimation of construction activities usually relies on the estimators experience and judgement to correctly interpret project and site information and make the best possible decisions. (Alfred, 1988)Current Time EstimationWith the use of computer software, the estimation of construction time can be determined. This is despite the fact that a number of computer-based time forecasting techniques have been developed through research and targeted to construction professionals, including quantity surveyors, for the purpose of forecasting construction time at early design stages (Brandon 1990 Nkado 1992).In some industries, there are books recording industry standards for use by cost and schedule estimators. In every industry area there will be a body of knowledge that associates the accomplishment of known work efforts with time duration. Interviewing those who have had experience with similar projects is the best way to determine how long things will really take.Construction time demands the focus of attention of all the key participants in the construction process and is often a basis for evaluating the success of a project and the capability of the project organisation. Alternative procurement approaches (Masterman 1992 Turner 1990) facilitate the overlapping of design and construction times.Scheduling is a process that anticipates the future and the time taken to complete the project can not be anticipated exactly. There are techniques that can increase the li kelihood of being close if planning and estimating is done side by side, the project can be managed to achieve the schedule by accelerating some efforts or modifying approaches to meet required dates.Project Manager is responsible in developing a project schedule. According to Project Management Institutes Project Management Body of Knowledge defines a project schedule as the planned dates for performing schedule activities and the planned dates for meeting schedule milestones. The practice of schedule development leverages knowledge gained from activity definition, sequencing, and estimating to create a formal sequence of project activities, the project schedule, that outlines when required work should start, when it is expected to be completed, and who will do the work. Successful project managers are those who can plan for the unexpected and are flexile enough to accommodate the unforeseen. (Needleman, 1993)CHAPTER 3SCHEDULING PRACTICE IN JKR PROJECTIntroductionTime estimation s till the main agenda when JKR preparing for any saucily project. It is very important for public projects to be completed on time, as the clients, users, stakeholders and the general public usually look at project success from the macro view where their first measuring rod for project success appeared to be the completion time (Lim and Mohamed, 1999). Construction time performance references has identified that time along with cost and quality are the three crucial success in construction project. Literature review on construction projects suggested that the common criteria for project success are generally considered to be cost, time and quality/performance (De Wit, 1988 Wright, 1997 Arditi and Gunaydin, 1997 Frimpong et al., 2003 Williams, 2003 Luu et al., 2003).3.2 Time Estimation Practise by JKRIn project management time is the important criterion in accessing the progress of the construction. According to Nkado (1995), construction time has been shown to be the most influenti al in the overall time performance of projects. Experience is one of important criterion in scheduling process together with experience with general scheduling in the project area. From the past experience of construction projects showed that more time was given during construction. This time was determined either by JKR or by the contractor depending on the type of tender. The fixed duration time was determined by JKR. Their estimated duration mostly is based on their past experience and as a result, these estimations were found to be inaccurate. The estimated time was done base on the rules of thumb. As the construction time often has to be compressed in order to fit into the imposed time constraints, there may be insufficient buffer zone time to overcome unexpected interruptions, or disturbances, to the planned schedule. (Isaksson, 2005). Practitioners prefer to rely instead on their experience or to refer to historical records of the time performance of past projects (Atkin et al. 1993).3.3 Consideration for EstimationIn determining the accurate time for the construction project, a few singularity has to be considered. According to (Ahmad et al., 2006) data related to project characteristics werecontract size (in terms of Ringgit Malaysia)tender type three types of tender, i.e. open tender, open to bumiputra only (native Malay contractors) or selective tender looseness ratio (the difference between awarded constrict and next lowest bid)bid spread (the difference between lowest and highest bid)percentage difference between awarded bid and estimateextra project costnumber of bidderssize of contractor (class A, class B, class C and class D and E)project complexity (less complex, moderately complex or highly complex)type of design and supervision (projects both designed and supervised by appointed consultants, projects designed by consultant and supervised by government engineers, project both designed and supervised by government engineers)experience of contractors (similar to the work tendered, comparable or other experience) andproject regional location (northern, western, eastern and southern region).Abd Majid and McCaffer (1998) conducted a literature survey on causes of project delay where they claimed that 50 percent of the delays can be categorized as non-excusable delays for which the contractors were responsible. A study by Kumaraswamy and Chan (1998) indicated that six common significant factors for both building works and civil engineering projects werepoor site management,supervision,low fixedness of decision making involving all project teams,client initiated variations,necessary variations of worksinadequate contractor experience.In estimating time of project, a consideration on the characteristic and factors of the project must take into account during planning. The factors that JKR consider for the project that estimated are cost, location and complexity. These factors are taken base on the history of construction in JKR. In order to gets more accurate time estimating a few other factors should be consider not only the above.Reaction by JKR Top Management handler General of JKR Malaysia (2002) in meeting with Directors of JKR Malaysia has mention about the project duration implemented by JKR. Quoted from minutes of meeting the by Director General of JKR Malaysia(a) Mengambil maklum (i) akan keterangan bahawa tempoh pembinaan yang ditetapkan adalah sesuatu yang tidak mustahil untuk dicapai. Pembinaan sekolah dalam tempoh 6 bulan merupakan sesuatu yang praktikal dan telah dibuktikan dengan kejayaan pembinaan Projek Sekolah Kebangsaan Paya Besar Lunas, Kulim yang disiapkan dalam tempoh tersebut.(ii) akan keterangan bahawa Projek SRJK(C) Tropicana Damansara berjaya disiapkan dalam tempoh 5.5 bulan sahaja.(iii) akan keterangan bahawa Pengarah INTAN begitu kagum dengan penyiapan Projek INTAN Kluang sehinggakan beliau meminta JKR melaksanakan semua kampus INTAN yang lain. Base on the above quote by Director General of JKR Malaysia it shows how important accurate time estimation in JKR Project to top management. JKR has used fixed duration time for the construction of school and it is successful. Another criteria to be consider in determining the time is method of construction.Most of the building projects implemented by JKR in the second half on Ninth Malaysian Plan (RMKe 9) are using Industrialised Building frame (IBS). Base on the instruction by Ministry of Finance through the Treasury Circular Letters No 7 Year 2008, at least 70 percent (70%) of component must use IBS for government project. This instruction will lead to another criteria that accurately estimate the time in JKR project.

Prevalence of Coronary Heart Disease in India

Prevalence of Coronary Heart Disease in IndiaIntroduction jibe to WHO (2007) coronary lovingness disorder (CHD) (including Myocardial ischemia) is the closely common cause of finish in the world and the biggest cause of premature death in young and industrialize countries (Lopez et al., 2006 Lindsay and Gaw, 2004). In 2001, ischemic center ailment accounted for 7.1 million deaths world immense among which 5.7 million (80%) deaths were in growth and underdeveloped countries (Lopez et al., 2006). Although geographical variations such as social origin and social class influence the CHD mortality rank (Lindsay and Gaw, 2004), coronary summation complaint remains common globally despite the development of a range of treatments (Brister et al., 2007). there is evidence that paganity is an important factor for coronary heart infirmity (Gupta et al., 2002 Brister et al., 2007) and a number of studies prep atomic number 18 suggested that there is increased relative incidenc e in coronary arteria disease in southwestern Asians (people originating from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka) when equalised to the white community (Brister et al., 2007). South Asian people too have a groovyer gamble of coronary heart disease than former(a)s from developed countries (Mohan et al., 2001 Joshi et al., 2007). In 2002 India had the highest number of deaths over 1.5 million due to coronary heart disease (Reddy et al., 2004). By 2010, it is expected that 66% of the worlds heart disease is app atomic number 18nt to occur in India (Ghaffar, 2004).Therefore, this langu senesce will focus on the preponderance of CHD in India and the impact of life style in the aetiology of CHD. There is wide range of evidence regarding the incidence and prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in India (Reddy, 2004 Kasliwal et al., 2006 Patel et al., 2006 Brister et al., 2007), including Indian, British and Sin to-doorean journal articles.This dissertation is broken do wn into three bring outs the first discusses the topic in relation to the existing publications on the prevalence of CHD in India the second part is a critical appraisal of the risk factors and the impact of life style of CHD in Indians trance the third presents the oversight of CHD, and includes a discussion of the nursing implications and forthcoming re anticipate into this area.Background THE DISEASE ASPECT- CORONARY HEART DISEAS/CORONARY ARTERY DISEASEDefinitionsCoronary heart disease CHD covers a spectrum of disease such as angina, acute coronary syndrome, myocardial ischemia, ischemic cardiomyopathy, chronic heart failure and a proportion case of sudden cardiac death (Lindsay and Gaw, 2004 pg no(prenominal) 1). swell coronary syndrome This is the clinical entity of myocardial ischemia and myocardial infarction.Myocardial Infarction it is a embodiment that results from diminished oxygen supply coup conduct with inadequate removal of metabolites because of reduced perfusi on to the heart muscle (Woods et al., 2005 pg no. 541)Angina A condition characterised by chest pain or discomfort from myocardial ischemia (Woods et al., 2005 pg no. 541)Overview of Coronary Artery DiseaseCHD is the major cause of death in most countries and is considered almost to be an epidemic in western countries (Lippincott, 2003). In Britain it accounts for bingle in three deaths in men and one in four deaths in women, while 5,000,000 deaths annually are seen in US (Forfar and Gribbon, 2000). It is estimated that more than 80% of patients who develop clinically significant coronary artery disease (CAD), and more than 95% of those who experience a fatal CAD up to nowt have at least one major cardiac risk factor (Greenland and Klein, 2007). CHD is more prevalent in males, whites and the middle- senior, as well as elderly people. More than 50% of males age 60 or older show signs of coronary artery disease on autopsy. The peak incidence of clinical symptoms in females is surro unded by ages 60 and 70 (Lippincott, 2003).There is a marked difference in death evaluate due to coronary disease mingled with countries for example, a 10-fold greater age- exchangeable death rate for men aged 35 to 74 historic period in Scotland comparisond with Japan. Within Europe, a threefold difference in death rates and disease incidence can be seen with Finland and the United Kingdom higher than Italy, France, and Spain (Forfar and Gribbon, 2000). There are also marked contrasts in coronary disease mortality trends between developed and developing countries. In the United States, Western Europe, and Australia, mortality has been falling between 15 and 50 per cent for at least 20 social classs (Lippincott, 2003). In contrast, rates continue to rise in Eastern Europe, including Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Czech Republic. The fall could be due to a fall in disease incidence or case fatality rates, or both. Although the management of acute myocardial infarction in par ticular has improved over this time, with case fatality rates halved, there has also been an increased awareness of risk factor avoidance (Forfar and Gribbon, 2000).The Disease aspectCoronary arteries bring blood and oxygen to nourish the heart. The heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where it receives oxygen before it is pumped to the whole body. Because the heart is a muscle, it needs a continuous source of oxygenated blood to function.Causes and symptomsCHD is usually caused by atherosclerosis. cholesterin and other fatty substances accumulate on the inner wall of the arteries, which in turn attracts fibrous tissue, blood components, and calcium to the inner walls of the arteries which then hardens into artery-clogging plaques (Woods et al., 2003). Atherosclerotic plaques a great deal form blood clots that also can block the coronary arteries (coronary thrombosis). Congenital defects and muscle spasms can also block blood f impoverished. Recent look for indicates that transmission system from organisms such as the chlamydia bacteria whitethorn also be responsible for some cases of coronary artery disease (Warrel, 2003).A number of major change factors increase the risk of developing coronary artery disease. Some of these can be changed and some can non. People with more risk factors are more likely to develop coronary artery disease.Major risk factorsMajor risk factors are those factors that lead to CHD. They are mainly classified into two groups non-modificapable and modifiable (Lippincott, 2003). Those that cannot be changed are the non-modifiable risk factors such asHeredity if a persons parents have coronary artery disease he/she is more likely to develop it. elicit Men are more likely to have heart attacks than women and to have them at a younger age.Age Men 45 days of age and older and women 55 old age of age and older are more likely to have coronary artery disease. However now-a-days, coronary disease may occasionally strike a pe rson in their 30s (Lippincott, 2003).Major risk factors that can be changed (modifiable risk factors) areSmoking Smoking increases the chance of developing CHD and the chance of dying from it.High cholesterol Dietary sources of cholesterol are meat, eggs, and other animal products. There are other factors also that increase the cholesterol level such as age, sex, heredity, and diet affect ones blood cholesterol. Total blood cholesterol is considered high when it is above 240 mg/dL and borderline at 200-239 mg/dL.High blood pressure High blood pressure makes the heart work harder, also increases the risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, and congestive heart failure. A blood pressure of 140 over 90 or above is considered high.Lack of physical activity Lack of exercise increases the risk of coronary artery disease. Even modest physical activity, like walking, is beneficial if make regularly (Lippincott, 2003).Diabetes mellitus the risk of developing coronary artery diseas e is seriously increased in diabetics. More than 80% of diabetics die of some type of heart or blood vessel disease.Chest pain (angina) is the main symptom of coronary heart disease but it is not always present. Other symptoms include shortness of breath, and chest heaviness, tightness, pain, a burning sensation, squeezing, or pressure either behind the sternum or in the arms, neck, or jaws (Lindsay and Gaw, 2004). Many people have no symptoms of coronary artery disease before having a heart attack harmonise to the American Heart Association 63% of women and 48% of men who died suddenly of coronary artery disease had no previous symptoms of the disease (Woods et al., 2001).THE COUNTRY compose INDIA The dry land IndiaIndia, situated in the South Asian region, is the seventh cock-a-hoopst, and the second most populous, country in the world with a macrocosm of 1.103 billion (United Nations world Division, 2005) in 32 states and union territories covering about four thousand town s and cities and about six lakhs villages (Nag and Sengupta, 1992). The population distribution is 71% agrestic and 29% urban (United Nation Population Division, 2005).Initially, India was a rural economy that subsequently participated in the industrial revolution with the help of colonial rule. After independence in 1947, the country followed socialist policies and hence large-scale infrastructure and industry development was carried out through the public sector. By the early 1990s, the Indian economy was opened up through liberalization and is now on the road to privatization through disinvestment policies. However, the economic growth in India during the 1990s as a result of the 1991 economic reforms has also seen an increase in poverty and a radical transformation in the well-being of the bottom half of the population (Rajeshwari et al., 2005). The consequences of these economic and social changes have led to an epidemiological transition (Joshi et al., 2006). An epidemiologic al transition is a focus on the complex changes in the patterns between the health and disease and the interaction between them and non-homogeneous other factors such as demographic, economic and determinants with their consequences (Omran, 2005).The urban population has increased by 4.5 times during 1951-2001 (WHO, 2000). The life expectancy from birth for males is 62 and females 64 (WHO, 2008). While the crude mortality rate is decreasing the percentage of children under 15 is declining (WHO, 2007).Total expenditure on health per capita (Intl $, 2006) 109. Total expenditure on health as % of GDP (2006) 4.9 (WHO, 2008). The leading cause of mortality after death during childbirth is cardiovascular disease, accounting for 188 deaths per 100,000 population (WHO, 2005).The health care system of India is overseen by two different bodiesThe Department of Health Family Welfare.The Department of AYUSH (Ayurvedic, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathic Medicines).Each state has a Ministry of He alth Family Welfare although their organization differs from state to state. Generally, there is a Directorate of Health Services providing technical assistance. Some states have a cleave Directorate of Medical Education Research, and some have a separate Director of Ayurveda or Director of Homeopathy (WHO, 2007). In rural areas, Community Health magnetic cores serve estimated populations of 100,000 and provide speciality services in general medicine, paediatrics, cognitive process and obstetrics gynaecology. However, there is still a shortfall in the number of community health centres in the rural areas of India. A Primary Health Centre (PHC) covers around 30,000 people (20,000 in hilly, desert or difficult terrain) and is staffed by a medical officer, and one male and one female health protagonist along with supporting staff. A sub-centre serves around 5,000 people (3000 in difficult terrain) and is supported by one male and one female multipurpose health worker. These work ers and health assistants have different designations in different states.Playing an equally important role in curative and preventive care in urban areas is the private sector. A large number of private practitioners exist and there are many large and small hospitals and nursing homes along with a large number of voluntary organizations providing health care (Bhat, 1993).Chapter One Literature Review AimsThe aim of this retrospect isTo analyze the prevalence of CHD in IndiaTo analyze the mortality rates related to CHDTo understand the aetiology of CHD in IndiaThis review will also include a comparison take on of the prevalence of coronary heart disease among migrant Indians and the natives of the particular migrant destination countries.Reason for the selection of the topicCHD remains the largest cause of death worldwide. Mortality rates from cardiovascular disease have been known to increase from five-fold to ten-fold around the world (National Institute of Health, National Hear t, Lung and Blood Institute, 2000). A World Health Organisation (WHO) Multinational monitoring of trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease (MONICA) study analysed the event rates of CHD among 38 populations between the age group 35-64years, and found variations in CHD prevalence and mortality rates among different ethnic groups (Tunstall-Pedoe et al., 1994).India is a developing country which is seeing an increased rise and prevalence of CHD (Reddy, 2004). While the incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) has decreased by 50% over the past 30 years in developed countries, in India it has doubled (Kasliwal et al., 2006). Prevalence is an epidemiological measure to determine a how commonly disease or condition occurs in a population, whereas incidence is another epidemiological measure that measures the rate of occurrences of new case of a disease or condition (Le and Boen, 1995). The prevalence of CHD is seen mostly from the age of 35 years and over (Kasliwal et al., 2006 ).CHD is the second leading cause of mortality in Indians (Patel et al., 2006). Joshi et al., (2006) conducted a survey in the rural areas of Andhra Pradesh, India, the results of which suggested that vascular diseases (including ischemic heart disease and stroke which accounts for 32%) are the main cause of mortality in India when compared to other chronic conditions such as infectious and parasitic diseases, tuberculosis, intestinal conditions, HIV, neoplasm and diseases of the respiratory system.However, CHD mortality rates have decreased in by 50% in most industrialised countries since 1970s (Unal et al., 2004). In United States the decline was seen during the 1980s (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2000), while in the United Kingdom the decline saw a slower pace (British Heart Foundation, 2003). In the United Kingdom the death rates fell by half in the 55-64 age group and middling less than 40% in men aged 35-44. In women death rates fell by half and a third in thos e aged 55-64 years and 35-44 respectively (British Heart Foundation- BHF, 2004). However, even though the mortality rates from CHD have fallen it does not suggest that the prevalence has also fallen. The reasons for the decline are not clearly understood but some hypothesise that a reduction in smoking management for lipid and blood pressure contain modern care for acute coronary syndrome and secondary prevention has contributed (Luepker, 2008).The increased incidence of CHD has led to the increase in number of Coronary Artery bypass Grafts (CABG) and other cardiac surgeries. It is estimated that 25,000 CABG surgeries are carried every year in India (World Health Organisation Statistical Information System, 2003). Hence, it could be noted that in a highly populous country like India with its increased prevalence of CHD that the estimated CABG surgeries reaching to the public is actually very few. Therefore, there could be considerable gap between the public need and treatment.Ther efore, the reason for this thesis is to help us understand that there is high prevalence in CHD in the Indian population the specific reasons for this increased epidemic and how can it be managed so the population can remain healthy.Search strategyThe publications was searched with the specific intention of examining the most up-to-date data concerning the prevalence of CAD in India. The search was performed by accessing specialised scientific medical and nursing databases carrying articles regarding the specified subject area (Craig and Smyth, 2002). The databases accessed include the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Healthcare Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and MEDLINE and EMBASE using the Ovid SP interface. The referwords used for the search were coronary artery disease, ischemic heart disease, and coronary heart disease, South Asians, prevalence, mortality rate, British white, Caucasians and I ndia. The Boolean term AND was used simultaneously.The date range of the studies targeted was set between 1991 and 2009 and was chosen so the most recent evidence could be cookn on, although articles outside this date limit were also incorporated into the search so as to be able to compare whether there have been any changes in the literature over time. To focus the search more strategically the following inclusion and exclusion criteria downstairs were applied.Inclusion and exclusion criteria used to narrow the searchThe inclusion criteria include prevalence of CHD in both rural and urban areas in order to compare the prevalence of CHD, the date range was set from 1991-2009 so that the recent evidence could be drawn on. The other inclusion criterions were British Indians, American Indians, migrant Indians and South Asians. The patient age group considered was from 35 years over as this matches the known incidences of coronary artery diseases (Kasliwal et al., 2006). The exclusion criteria were other cardiovascular studies such as peripheral artery disease since the literature review focussed on CAD only.Search ResultsInitially the search revealed 78 potentially relevant cover however 48 did not contain data pertinent to the inclusion criteria or were not credible sources. The 30 papers that were used for the review include both qualitative and quantitative studies. They included a wide range of international literature to allow a comparison of the prevalence of CHD between British Indians and British whites. The literature that provided evidence from the Indian health care system were all medical journal articles by authors such as Bhardwaj, 2009 Mandal et al., 2008 Kamili et al., 2007 Chow et al., 2006 Patel et al., 2006 Kuppaswamy and Gupta, 2005 Patel et al., 2005 Sharma and Ganguly, 2005 screen et al., 2005 Indrayan, 2004 Pinto et al., 2004 Gupta et al., 2003 Gupta and Rastogi, 2003 Gupta et al., 2002 Singh et al., 1997 Gupta et al.s 1997 Dhawan, et a l 1996 Gupta et al., 1995 Gupta et al., 1993 Kutty et al. 1992. Journals from UK include Zaman et al., 2008 Whincup et al., 2002 Bhopal et al., 1999 Cappuccio et al., 1997 and Journal from Singapore are Mak et al., 2004 Tai and Tan, 2004 Kam et al 2002 Lee et al., 2001.From the analysis of the above literature the following themes were formulatedThe prevalence of CHD in the mother country, India, both in rural and urban areas.The reasons for the increase in CHD in India.A comparison of CHD prevalence and mortality rate between British Indians and British whites.Credibility of the LiteratureIn order establish the evidence of increased prevalence of CHD in India it is necessary to analyse a wide range of literature. To assess the credibility and reliability of the evidence, the strengths and limitations of the texts were identified. Systematic reviews were used to determine the strength of the evidence. In the hierarchy of evidence, systemic reviews are considered the golden standard. This is because systemic reviews draw on Statistical procedures for combining data from a number of studies and investigations in order to analyse the therapeutic effectiveness of specific treatment or interventions. (Helewa Walker, 2000, p.111).There was only one systematic review available for this literature review (Bhopal et al., 2000). This research paper has a clear search strategy stated, limits, and selection criteria. The search was limited to English research papers, however one exception was that only published studies reporting original comparative data were included. Unpublished studies and studies only describe as abstracts were not included, which ensures rigour in the analysis of the data by having a complete recount of the different studies this also ensures that the studies had gone through an paygrade committee before being published. The conclusions reached in the systematic reviews support the conclusions reached across the other literature sourced (Mandal e t al., 2008 Gupta et al.,1997).Observational studies are considered a good source of evidence, and are similar to Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) in terms of effectiveness, appropriateness, and feasibility of the evidence (Craig Smith, 2002). The studies examined as part of this essay also described the setting, location, and relevant dates, including periods of recruitment, exposure, follow-up, and data collection, thereby increase their robustness (STROBE checklist, 2008). There was one observational study that mentioned its location, time period and setting, and therefore provided credible evidence for the literature review (Wilkinson, 1996).Most of the studies analysed for the literature review were population establish surveys, while some studies were clearly addressed and statistically analysed (Mandal et al., 2008 Zaman et al., 2008 Chow et al., 2006 Patel et al., 2005 Mak et al., 2003 Whincup et al., 2002 Lee et al., 2001 Bhopal et al., 1999 Cappuccio et al., 1997, Gupt a et al., 1997 Singh et al., 1997 Kutty et al., 1992) ethical issues were mentioned (Cappuccio et al., 1997 Kutty et al., 1992). Some studies however did not beg off their statistical analysis (Bhardwaj, 2009 Pinto et al., 2004), and without knowing the specific characteristics of the statistical analysis, the studies cannot be replicated as evidence in this literature review.In regard to qualitative research, a great deal of debate is still going on regarding how to assess the quality of such work (Sandelowski, 1986). In particular, researchers suggest that it is difficult to develop a ace benchmark against which the true value of claims can be judged (Craig Smith, 2002). Even though qualitative studies are not considered excellent or even good sources of evidence, based on evidence-based hierarchy, they can address questions that cannot be answered using other experimental methods (Green Britten, 1998). One qualitative study in the literature was used to examine and compare th e illness beliefs of South Asian and European patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) about causal attributions and lifestyle change. The method of sampling and data analysis was appropriate.Although the reviews of the literature accessed for this literature review did not prove as rigorous as other sources of evidence, because they did not draw on empirical data, they were used to support the findings of other more robust forms of evidence, which were generated from systematic reviews, observational studies and survey. Reviews of the literature carried out by Goyal and Yusuf, 2006 Kuppaswamy and Gupta, 2005 Sharma and Ganguly, 2005 Tai and Tan, 2004 Barakat et al., 2003 Yusuf et al., 2001 Reddy et al., 1998 provided evidence, however the paper fails to present a search analysis.Evaluation of key studies The prevalence of CHD in IndiaCoronary heart disease has emerged as an epidemic in India (Gupta and Rastogi, 2003). According to the National Commission and Macroeconomics and He alth, Government of India the total number of CHD patients in India by the end of the century was around 30 million (5.3% ) of the adult population this is forecast to increase to up to 60 million cases (7.6%) by the year 2015 (Indrayan, 2004). Although there are various comparative studies showing the burden of cardiovascular disease among Indian immigrants in Western countries, there has been less attention give to CHD in India itself (Goyal and Yusuf, 2006, Reddy et al., 2004, Yusuf et al., 2001, Anand et al., 2000). Hence, this section of the literature review will focus on the prevalence of CHD in India.In developed countries, there are no rural-urban differences in the prevalence of CHD (Feinleib, 1995). However in India there is marked difference between the prevalence of CHD in the rural and urban areas with surveys showing that the prevalence rate of CHD in urban areas is about double that rural areas (Gupta et al., 2006 Reddy, 1998 Singh et al., 1996 Singh et al., 1997).S tudies have been done in various states of India of the prevalence of CHD in the country. For example, Mandal et al., (2008) conducted a cross-sectional survey among the urban population of Siliguri in West Bengal, from a random smack population aged greater than or equal 40 years, to determine the prevalence of ischemic heart disease and the associated risk factors. The results showed that 11.6% had ischemic heart disease (IHD) and 47.2% had hypertension. Males had a higher (13.5%) prevalence of IHD than females (9.4%). About 5% of the patients had asymptomatic IHD. However, this study had a small sample size, which could limit the generalisability of the findings and is limited by the fact that other risk factors like diabetes and lipids were not included.On the other hand, Kutty et al. (1992) conducted a survey among the rural population of Thiruvananthapuram regularize in Kerala state, to analyse the prevalence of some indicators of coronary heart disease. The indicators inclu ded in the study were ECG changes and well-known risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, smoking and diabetes. From the above criteria it was found that rural Thiruvananthapuram has a lower prevalence of coronary heart disease when compared to urban centres like Delhi. However there were drawbacks to this study too, such as the fact that people were sampled on the basis of household list from the panchayat office (panchayat is south Asian rural political system) so anyone who did not belong to the house list in the panchayat was not included in the study. This could have caused a limitation in the generalisability of the results as there was prepossess in sampling technique.Similarly, Singh et al., (1997) conducted a cross- sectional survey in two villages in Northern India, which showed a significantly higher and increased prevalence of CHD in urban areas compared to rural areas. Reddy also (1998) conducted a cross-sectional survey which found the prevalence rate of CHD as bei ng 6% in the rural areas of Haryana, India. another(prenominal) study conducted was in the rural areas of Northern India in Himachal Pradesh which showed a CHD rate of 4.06% among the whole rural population in the age group between 50-59 years with a slightly higher incidence in men than women (Bhardwaj, 2009). However these research papers failed to set out their statistical analysis or research analysis, meaning that the reliability of the papers cannot be measured. Nonetheless, it can be noted that the prevalence of CHD was lower in the rural areas and also that the prevalence rates wide-ranging in different states of India.Chow et al., (2006) conducted a survey in the rural areas of Andhra Pradesh to investigate the prevalence of cardiovascular disease and levels of managing the major risk factors. Their results showed that cardiovascular disease is highly prevalent and the community knowledge about cardiovascular disease is quite good. However, the results also pointed out that even though people have the knowledge, their management for risk factors remains suboptimal. Hence it could be suggested that even though the people had good awareness regarding CHD the care provided for them was insufficient.Additionally there were a number of studies done to determine the increase in CHD prevalence in urban areas compared to rural areas of India (Pinto et al., 2004 Gupta et al., 2002 Gupta et al., 1995). However there are limitations to these studies, including such factors as small and variable samples, low reception rates, inappropriate diagnostic criteria, non-specific electrocardiographic changes, a lack of normalisation, or incomplete results.Gupta et al.s (1997) survey in a rural area (Rajasthan) found that even though the prevalence of CHD was lower in the rural areas, it had nevertheless increased (to 3.4% in males and 3.7% in females) when compared to previous studies. The study was carried out with a detailed questionnaire alert according to guidelin es from the World Health Organization (WHO) the United States Public Health Service and a based on a review of previous Indian studies. The Performa elicited family history of hypertension and CHD social factors such as education, housing, type of job, stressful life events, depression, participation in religious prayer and yoga along with established risk factors such as smoking, alcohol intake, amount of physical activity, diabetes, and hypertension. Blood pressure measurements and a 12 lead ECG using proper standardization were performed on all participants. Earlier studies from India used different criteria and showed higher CHD prevalence. When the diagnostic criteria in the present study are extended to include past documentation, response to WHO-Rose Questionnaire and ST-T wave changes in ECG as done in previous studies, the prevalence rises to a rate higher than those found in previous Indian rural studies. However, the results cannot be validated. For example, some of the p revious studies from India included ECG criteria as the posture of left bundle branch block, complete heart block and presence of ST segment and T wave changes while some studies suggest that these findings are not reliable enough to diagnose CHD, especially so in females where ST-T changes may be non-specific (Reddy et al., 1996 Gupta et al., 1993). That said, it is clear evidence that there is still an increasing prevalence of CHD in India.Heart diseases are also occurring in Indians 5 to 10 years earlier than in other populations around the world (Dhawan, et al 1996). According to the INTERHEART study, the median age for first presentation of acute Myocardial Infarction (MI) in the South Asian (Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka) population is 53 years, whereas that in Western Europe, China and Hong Kong is 63 years, with more men than women affected (Yusuf et al 2004) (the INTERHEART study was a standardized case-control study that screened all patients admitted to t he coronary care unit or equivalent cardiology ward for a first MI at 262 participating centres in 52 countries throughout the world).Epidemiological studies have shown that immigrant Indians share a significantly higher incidence of CHD than the native populations (Enas et al., 2005 Gupta et al., 2002). The first evidence of this was found in a 1959 study among expatriate Indians in Singapore (Kuppaswamy and Gupta, 2005). Similarly many studies have been done in various other countries to corroborate these findings (McKeigue, 1991 Enas et al., 2005). However, in the UK it is only recently that the splendor of ethnicity and disparities in regard to CHD has been realised (British Heart Foundation, 2004). Several studies have reported that there is increased prevalence of CHD in British Indians when compared to British Whites (McKeigue, 1991 Bhopal et al., 1999 Enas et al., 2005).Hence, the review of the literature clearly shows the prevalence of CHD among the urban and rural populat ions in In

Macbeth :: essays research papers

Effect of Supernatural ForcesThe presence of wizardly forces in Macbeth is an extremely vital aspect of the play. The Weird sisters are fundamental characters because they prophesizr the futire, adding to the dramatic affect of the play. They limn how desire, ambition, and greed, are often more overpowering than reason. Through the predictions made to Macbeth in the second scene of Act I, Macbeth is encouraged, and his mind is opened to the possibilities of actions that he would otherwise not consider. They promise that he ordain be Thane of Cawdor, and even king.Shortly after becoming Thane, his thoughts stray to the glory that he could have as ruler. If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me, without my stir. He says this because he does not wish to take any action to make sure that he becomes king, however he does, in fact, truly desire to take Duncans position. He gives word of his encouter to his wife, and she too, is filled with ambition even more so than her h usband. It is she, lacking the take out of human kindness, that persuades Macbeth to carry through with his thoughts. She says to herself, Come thee hither that I may pour my spirits in thine ear, and chastise with the valor of my tongue. She is helped by the forces of the supernatural world, and with this aid, is able to convince Macbeth to commit the murder. She gives up all that is feminine about her so that wretchedness and cruelty can envelop her.The other supernatural forces that lean Macbeth down his path of evil and insanity are Banquos ghost, and the apparitions that the witches conjure. The apparitions especially lead to Macbeths downfall. The second one tells him that, no man of woman born(p) shall harm Macbeth, and another says, Macbeth shall never vanquished be until Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill shall come against him. This gives him security, which, is mortals chieftest enemy, as Hjecate states and in this security comes his death.

Graduation Speech: The Beginning of Your Life :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

P arnts, teachers, families and friends, welcome and thank you for joining us tonight at the County High School starting time ceremony for the Class of 2012Graduation is a time to look fondly upon memories which have been made over the past three years. I am legitimate all of us have our own memories which we hold close to our hearts and make us grin when we think of them. Events which become very vivid in my mind are football and basketball games, dances, pep assemblies, at least the ones from our sophomore and junior years, and especially time spent with a group of friends honourable doing whatever. It hurts to think of all these memories and then realize this time period in our lives is coming to an end.From the lyrics of Dave Mathews, So why would you care, to get out of this place, you and me and all our friends, such a happy human race ... As we all go our separate ways ... I will remember.Graduation is also time to look at what the future has in store for each of us. It is a very serious time, a time to take a look at what path our lives are going to take once the caps and gowns are taken off and we are thrust into a world which is not so well known to just about of us. Will you be successful? Will you be unsuccessful? This success I am speaking of has nothing to do with monetary gains but is calculated solely by happiness. Are you truly happy? Will you be five or ten years down the road? Begin supplying for your future tonight, set goals. Figure out ways to achieve these goals and fulfill your dreams. If you do not like the path your life has taken thus far, if it does not make you happy, re-